In this session, we'll be taking a look at advanced learner mistakes.

このセッションでは、上級学習者の失敗を紹介します。

Are you ready? Here we go!

準備はいいですか？いきましょう！

So, sometimes in English, we use a wh- word clause as the object of a verb.

英語では動詞の目的語として wh-節 (what, where など) を使うことがあります。

For example, "He realized what he was doing," or, "I can't believe what you've done."

例えば、"He realized what he was doing. "とか、"I can't believe what you've done. " です。

Now, advanced learners generally make two mistakes here.

さて、上級学習者は一般的にここで2つの間違いをします。

The first is that they invert the auxiliary verb and the subject, like you would do with a normal question.

1つ目は、疑問文と同じように助動詞と主語を反転させることです。

Let me show you.

実際に見てみましょう。

"He realized what was he doing," and, "I can't believe what have you done."

"He realized what was he doing" や "I can't believe what have you done." です。

Remember that these "whos", "whats", "wheres", "whens", and "whys" are not question words but relative pronouns, and so the clause which comes after follows the normal sentence order.

この場合の "whos", "whats", "wheres", "whys" は疑問詞ではなく、関係代名詞なので、後に来る節は通常の文 (ピリオドで終わる文) の順序に従うことを忘れないようにしましょう。

Come and see.

見てみましょう。

So, not "He realized what was he doing," but...

"He realized what was he doing" ではなく

... "what he was doing."

"what he was doing." です。

Not "I can't believe what have you done," but...

"I can't believe what have you done" ではなく

... "what you have done."

"what you have done." です。

Now, this problem is simpler with a tense that has an auxiliary and main verb form,

さて、この問題は助動詞と本動詞の形を持つ時制ではまだシンプルです。

but the second problem is that learners forget to use an affirmative verb form when talking about the present or past simple.

しかし、2つ目の問題は、学習者が現在や過去のことについて話すとき、肯定型の動詞を使うことを忘れてしまうことです。

For example, "I don't know where did he go last night," or, "They want to see what does he do."

例えば "I don't know where did he go last night" や "They want to see what does he do." です。

Now, remember, these are not questions.

いいですか、これらは疑問文ではありません。

When we make an affirmative sentence with the present or past simple, we only use one verb, and these clauses act the same.

現在形または過去形で肯定文を作る場合、動詞は1つしか使わず、これらの節は同じような働きをします。

So, "I don't know where did he go last night," becomes "I don't know where he went last night."

なので、"I don't know where did he go last night" は "I don't know where he went last night." になります。

And "They want to see what does he do," becomes "They want to see what he does."

"They want to see what does he do" は "They want to see what he does." になります。

Have you got it? Good!

わかりましたか？いいですね！

"The life is beautiful!"

"The life is beautiful!" (人生は美しい！)

"What makes me sad is the poverty."

"What makes me sad is the poverty." (私を悲しませるのは貧困だ)

OK, guys, this is an old one, but still a tricky one.

いいですか、皆さん。これは定番の形ですが、トリッキーな文です。

Many advanced learners still use the definite article when talking in general about a plural or uncountable noun.

上級学習者の多くは、一般的な複数名詞または不可算名詞について話すとき、定冠詞 (a, the など) をまだ使っています。

Remember that in English, when we are talking in general and we mean all of a thing, we don't use "the".

英語では、一般的なものについて話すときや、すべてのものを意味するときは、"the" は使いません。

"Life is beautiful!"

"Life is beautiful!"

"What makes me sad is poverty."

"What makes me sad is poverty."

That doesn't mean we can't use "the".

これは "the" を絶対に使えないという意味ではありません。

But when we do, it means we are being specific and only referring to one thing.

しかし、"the" を使うと、特定の、ある一つのことだけを指していることになります。

For example, "I'm reading about the life of Michael Jackson."

例えば、"I'm reading about the life of Michael Jackson." (マイケルジャクソンの人生についての本を読んでいる。)

Having said that, if you want to generalize about a singular, countable noun, then using "the" as the definite article is the correct thing to do.

ですが、単数名詞、可算名詞について一般化したいとき、定冠詞 "the" を使うのは正しいです。

Life would be much less interesting without the tiger.

"Life would be much less interesting without the tiger." (人生は虎がいなければあまり面白くないでしょう。)

Or tigers, general.

または " tigers" (複数形)、一般化 。(一般化したいときは the を付ける)。

The car is probably the most important invention in mankind's history.

"The car is probably the most important invention in mankind's history." (自動車は人類の歴史上、最も重要な発明でしょう。)

Or cars, general.

または "cars" (複数形)、一般化するためです。

Have you got it? Good!

わかりましたか？いいですね！