Name: 拡大と抵抗。クラッシュ・コース ヨーロッパの歴史 #28 (Expansion and Resistance: Crash Course European History #28)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:59:35.000Z
Duration: 13 min 14 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

Hi I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.

So we've made it to the nineteenth century, and as European societies are trying to build

cohesive political structures known as nations, many are also expanding or initiating overseas

And so while more European nations were grounded in the rule of law and constitutional guarantees,

including property rights, life was very different in the empires governed by those nations,

While many nation-builders and citizens supported rights and the rule of law as a bedrock of

their nations, expansion entailed taking away the rights of others.

And understanding how this contradiction functioned, and who it benefited, is key to understanding

not just 19th century colonialism, but also the contradictions we still live with today.

[Intro] So, when we last looked at expansion, the

British were moving forcefully into India, in part to compensate for losing monopoly

rights over trade with North America, while the Spanish and French were losing their grip

But by the mid-19th century, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands were now the focus

of imperial activity, much of it to gain trading advantages and acquire more raw materials

And much firmer political control of territories was established, as in India, North Africa,

In the nineteenth century, the Chinese continued to attract European trade because of their

excellent products, especially tea and silk.

The English were leaders in industrialization, but they mostly made low quality products

that pretty much nobody wanted, including the Chinese.

But the British needed something to sell in exchange for tea and silk, and they ended

When the Chinese government began to crack down on the opium smugglers—many of whose

descendants are today some of the most respected and wealthy families in Britain—the smugglers

convinced the British government to initiate the Opium Wars of 1839-1842 and 1856-1860.

British success in these wars forced China to open new ports to trade.

And while China had banned opium in 1799, the British used the idea of “freedom of

trade” to keep opium sales going and increasingly imposed their political and economic will

Regions in Southeast Asia and the Pacific were also targets for forced trade and takeovers

The French set up rubber and other plantations in Indochina, the British took vast quantities

of lumber from Burma, and the Dutch set up a variety of plantations in Indonesia, no

longer confining their interests simply to trading posts.

Pacific islands also became way-stations for ships to resupply and obtain other raw materials.

The French, British, and Belgians headed for the interior of Africa, now that they had

quinine with which to treat malaria infections.

While the Portuguese maintained a toehold on a part of Southwestern Africa, the French

took over much of West and North Africa and the British took areas in the south and east.

Belgian King Leopold assaulted the Congo for its rubber (and yes, we are using that verb

intentionally), while Otto von Bismarck, generally not a fan of expansion outside of Europe,

allowed German businessmen and adventurers to head for regions in Asia and southeastern

He also allowed them to launch ventures in the Middle East, especially the Ottoman Empire.

But the largest and most continuous enterprise was the one the British built in India and

They sought manufactured goods and raw materials, but they were also motivated by simple plunder.

The British invested little in ruling India, instead using different princes' well-trained

soldiers for conquering new areas and policing.

Governance of the colony involved some 4,000 British officials and tens of thousands of

local civil service workers who did the main work.

And as in the past, European invaders relied on local people to serve as informants, and

They were some of the human “tools of empire.”

And while “explorers” and colonial generals were portrayed in European newspapers and

magazines as standard bearers of heroic masculinity, they required vast entourages of local people

This was especially true in Africa where from village to village go-betweens and guides

had to lead and negotiate the supposedly “lone” adventurer's food, and safe passage, and

It is well-documented that many of these romanticized heroes became addicted to drugs and alcohol

because of the stresses but also because of the boredom of the slow movement of hundreds

of animals and carriers of supplies and weapons.

Other tools of empire were industrial, like steamships built to navigate rivers

2. and weaponry that local people lacked (at least initially).

Europeans often sold inferior or outdated weapons to the people they wanted to conquer,

4. who were quick to duplicate the better models that fell into their hands.

Railroads also became tools of empire in that they were set up not to benefit local people

but to strip them of their goods and get those goods to ports as quickly as possible.

Infrastructure was built to disadvantage not advantage colonized peoples.

A final and crucial tool of empire was the aforementioned quinine,

9. which was made from the bark of the cinchona tree found primarily in South America.

Jesuit priests were introduced to the drug by indigenous people in South America,

but initially the bark had to be procured and ground up,

12. which made quinine difficult to produce in large quantities.

But after the 1820s, French scientists devised procedures to extract quinine from the bark,

14. and then in the 1850s, the Dutch finally obtained the closely guarded cinchona seeds,

15. which South Americans were embargoing,

16. and the Dutch set up successful plantations in Indonesia.

The medicalization and plantation production of cinchona meant that quinine was widely

18. which in turn allowed for the invasion of Africa's interior, where malaria was

Oh my gosh, the center of the world just opened!

字幕リスト動画再生

拡大と抵抗。クラッシュ・コースヨーロッパの歴史 #28 (Expansion and Resistance: Crash Course European History #28)

eventually

vast

instance

evolve

拡大と抵抗。クラッシュ・コース ヨーロッパの歴史 #28 (Expansion and Resistance: Crash Course European History #28)

eventually

vast

instance

evolve

拡大と抵抗。クラッシュ・コースヨーロッパの歴史 #28 (Expansion and Resistance: Crash Course European History #28)