Name: 秘密の菌類王国に存在する地下経済 (This Underground Economy Exists in a Secret Fungi Kingdom)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:47:49.000Z
Duration: 5 min 9 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

New research has revealed that fungi—you know, like mushrooms—barter and trade with

other organisms like little stockbrokers.

Basically, there's a whole economy of nutrients right beneath our feet that we are just

And yes, it can be pronounced either fun-guy or fun-gee, don't even start, and their

classification has been difficult, to say the least.

They're eerily more genetically similar to animals than they are to plants or bacteria.

Fungi are possibly the most widely distributed organisms on Earth, existing everywhere on

They take elements like carbon that are trapped in organic matter, and through decomposition,

they process and release those elements back into the ecosystem for other organisms to use.

They can do this by releasing a sophisticated cocktail of enzymes and other helpful chemicals

that allow them to break down organic material outside of their bodies, so that they can more easily

digest the nutrients. This is how fungi cause decay.

But they don't just play an essential role as nutrient cyclers.

See, all living things need phosphorus and nitrogen to live, but not a lot of those elements

exist in forms that are ready for uptake.

We eat plants and other things that eat plants to get enough of our phosphorous and nitrogen,

That's right: microbes, like bacteria and fungi.

Fungi that work with plants in this way can grow into structures called hyphae: delicate

thread-like tendrils that can push into a plants' roots.

This forms mycorrhizae—symbiotic relationships between fungi and the plants they glom on

And for the record, mycorrhizae refers both to the kind of fungi that do this and the

relationship between a fungus and a plant's roots, so it's a dual-purpose word.

Mycorrhizae can also connect to each other to form incredibly dense, expansive, and interconnected

Some estimates say there's around 200 meters of mycorrhizal hyphae in just one gram of

But plants bring something to the table, too.

They have an ability that fungi do not—they can form carbohydrates through photosynthesis.

So in exchange for essential nutrients, plants provide fungi with those tasty, tasty sugars.

This worldwide network of nutrient exchange includes all kinds of microbes, like these

fungi and bacteria that play a similar role, and as a whole, this system has come to be

And we're not even to the coolest part yet!

New research details just how these nutrient exchanges between plants and fungi actually

It's like zooming in on a business contract.

We thought we knew what it said but then we took a closer look at the fine print and woa

boy is it more complicated than we imagined.

A research team in Amsterdam recently found that these nutrient exchanges may operate

When the plants have more sugars to share, the fungi give more phosphorus in return,

Both parties can 'punish' or 'reward' each other for good exchange rates.

They can even withhold a store of a nutrient until the other party has a better 'offer'.

Building on the results of this work, the team wanted to go even further.

They tagged each of the molecules in question with a fluorescent compound, and then tracked

the tagged molecules using a powerful confocal microscope.

This allowed them to quantify the nutrient transfer from the fungi to the plant root

and, for the first time ever, actually see the transfer of nutrients.

They then began to study flow patterns within the fungus, making videos of the complex patterns

of movement—you can actually see here that the fungus stops the flow of nutrients in

one direction and reverses it, sending them back the other way.

The scientists think this is our first look into how fungi can redirect nutrients in response

It could even be that these oscillations of molecules represent some kind of

communication—could this be how these complex fungal networks transmit information?

A new paper from a separate team used a database of over a million samples to visualize fungal

relationships with their respective plants, revealing distinct patterns in biogeography:

that means that certain areas of the world have a particular ecosystem type that supports

This is a more macro look at the role fungi play in ecosystems that are defined by their

Research into the complex kingdom of fungi could help us better understand how organisms

all over the world—both fungi and their business partners—have evolved and survived

If we pair this nano-scale look at the transfer of nutrients with a larger, more ecosystem-level dynamic

we can better understand how these relationships might change as the climate becomes more unpredictable,

and what that might mean for the plants that we rely on as we look into the future.

Do you want even more on the mind-blowing facts we're discovering about the microbial life

Check out this video here, and make sure you subscribe to Seeker to keep up with all your

And as always, thanks for watching, and I'll see you next time.