We're not here to rag on science teachers.

Their jobs are very difficult, and they're making the world so much better by doing that.

And when science gets blown out of proportion or oversimplified, it's almost never their fault.

So science teachers, we love you.

Thank you for your hard work.

Now that said, thanks to miss leading articles, oversimplified books or plain old misunderstandings.

Sometimes you walk out of elementary school with a few misconceptions about the world, ones that stick around for the rest of your life.

And we've debunked many of these over the years.

So now it's time to lay them out.

Let's start way up in space.

The first time you learned about astronauts on the International space station, you might have heard that they're weightless because there's no gravity of, and from their perspective, they definitely feel weightless.

But it's not because there's no gravity.

Here's a very old video from Hank with more, we spend our lives stuck to this planet.

The best of us can jump on astounding two meters off the ground.

The record for a land animal is the tiger with a vertical leap of Bailey double that is some serious force.

Dragon is down into this thing and we don't usually think about it because we're always under its spell our entire lives.

Unless, of course, we get to space because everyone knows that space has no gravity.

Except, of course, everyone is wrong.

Okay, probably not everyone.

In fact, you may have seen a number of YouTube videos that have set you straight on this topic.

But if not, let's get down to it.

Space is packed wall to wall with gravity.

Without gravity, everything would just shoot off in straight lines.

That would be no Galaxies or solar systems.

There.

Planets in the universe would be a supremely boring place.

So let's talk real quick about how gravity works.

His equation was figured out by Sir Isaac Newton, and he used it to do all sorts of awesome stuff.

There are three variables in this equation.

The mass of two objects say the Earth and the moon and the distance between them.

There's also a constant the gravitational constant which didn't just worked out by observation.

So, according to this equation, the gravitational force between two objects is dependent upon the massive both of the objects and the distance between them.

The masses are divided by the distance, so as the distance increases the force decrease.

At 370 kilometers above the earth, the height of the space station, there is still plenty of gravity.

Indeed, without that gravity, it would just fly off into deep space.

So it's good that there's gravity.

The space station is in orbit, stuck there by the earth's gravity.

The astronauts are not weightless.

They are falling.

That sounds weird because they're safe, mean relatively.

They're not as safe as I am, but they aren't about to crash into the earth.

That's because they are falling at the speed of gravity while moving horizontally enough to continually miss the Earth instead of plummeting toward the earth, they're plummeting around it.

That's what we call on orbit.

And just like when in a plane, you don't feel like you're moving 400 miles per hour.

The astronauts have already done all of their acceleration and are at a constant speed, so to them it feels like they're weightless and motionless.

There only frame of reference is inside of the spacecraft.

The same sensation can be experienced without being in space by getting in a plane, having the plane dropped toward the earth at the same acceleration of gravity.

It looks to all the world like you're floating in the plane because the fuselage is your frame of reference.

But really you're crashing toward the earth.

A terrible feeds slain and everything inside all the objects and people.

Everything is falling toward the earth at the same rate.

So the contents of the plane appeared to float because gravity is acting on all the objects equally.

So let's go like the Isaacs equation.

No matter what we do to that distance number, no matter how big how far apart things are, it always exists.

That force never goes to zero.

That means that every object in the universe is constantly attracting every other object in the universe.

So hypothetical situation for you.

There are two things in the universe.

Nothing else.

Just one planet.

And you.

It doesn't matter how far away you are.

If you're sitting there motionless, you're not floating, you are falling, and eventually you will fall into that planet.

It may take longer than the life of the universe, but you will eventually fall into the planet Man.

Since 2013 Sideshow has grown a lot now, and your first science classes, you may have started learning about physics.

While you probably didn't get too far into the weeds, there's a good chance you at least saw this diagram of an atom.

It's a really popular symbol, and it would be easy to think that's what Adam's look like.

It turns out that atoms are a lot more complicated than that, but I'll let Olivia explain.

Have you ever looked carefully at the intro for this show?

I mean really carefully.

If you have, you might have noticed that there's a diagram of an atom with little electrons orbiting the nucleus.

But here's the thing.

Adams don't actually look like that.

Over the years, scientists have come up with a different atomic models based on what we know about how they work.

The atomic model that's in the sideshow intro was one of them, and it has a lot of history behind it.

But the most accurate atomic models are a little more complicated because Adam's are complicated.

By the start of the 20th century, scientists knew that atoms were made up of negatively charged electrons, plus some sort of positive charge.

The tricky part was figuring out how these charges fit together.

The running theory was that the electrons were embedded in a positive sphere, which was called the plum pudding model, because it looked like a traditional Christmas pudding.

But that all changed around 1911 when a scientist named Ernest Rutherford, along with his team at Manchester University, published the results of the famous gold foil experiment.

Rutherford and his colleagues fired Alfa particles, which are positively charged at thin gold foil.

According to the plum pudding model, the Alfa particles should have just passed straight through the foil because Adams would be mostly empty space, with some charges scattered around.

And Adams are mostly empty space, so most of the alfa particles did pass straight through the foil.

But to Rutherford surprise, some Alfa particles were deflected by a lot.

He concluded that an Adam's positive charge was concentrated in a tiny central nucleus, and these nuclei were deflecting alfa particles that bounced off of thumb.

He also predicted that the electrons were orbiting around the nucleus.

I kind of like how planets orbit the sun.

That's why this model is sometimes called the planetary model.

Rutherford was right about protons being in the middle with electrons around them, and you'll still see his model used today to explain the very basics of the Adam.

It's the one in the sideshow intro, but there was one major problem with the planetary model.

It predicted that orbiting electrons would lose energy in the form of radiation, which would make them spiral inward and eventually crash into the nucleus.

This implied that all Adams would eventually collapse, but we know that stable atoms do exist, so there had to be something missing.

Just two years later, in 1913 Danish scientist Neil's Bohr proposed an adjustment to the Rutherford model that solved this problem.

Bores Model predicted that electrons orbit at very specific energy levels, which he called orbits.

The electrons could only orbit at precisely those levels, and so they couldn't spiral inwards, and electron could switch levels if it absorbed or released some energy.

But on Lee, specific, discreet levels were allowed and electrons couldn't go below the lowest level.

That explained why stable Adams didn't just collapse.

Boers model quickly became the most popular model oven.

Adam and it's often used today to show the basic way that an Adam is arranged.

But it still wasn't totally right.

One breakthrough was in 1932 when English physicist to James Chadwick discovered that neutrons exist.

Neutrons weren't electrically charged, and they helped explain why the nucleus was so heavy.

Another breakthrough involved quantum mechanics and the idea that electrons don't necessarily orbit the nucleus at all.

In fact, electrons aren't even really in a specific place at any given time.

Instead, they're kind of in lots of different places at once, with in a bigger area.

Then, when you actually measure an electron, suddenly it's in one specific spot within that area.

It's a weird concept that's very different from the way that we normally experience the world.

But that's quantum mechanics for you.

The area where you might find it if you tried to measure it is called the electron cloud in diagrams.

Normally, the cloud is drawn darker, where there's a high probability of the electrons being there.

When you measure it with the most basic atoms, like hydrogen and helium, this cloud looks kind of like a big sphere, and it turns out that electrons have the highest probability of being in one of boars orbits, which is why you can use force model to simplify things.

But when you get into bigger and bigger Adams with more and more electrons, thes clouds begin to interfere with each other and start to have weirder shape.

So the electron cloud model is the most up to date model oven Adam, and it's used by scientists around the world.

But that doesn't make the other models useless.

Like bores.

Model can be helpful if you need to focus on energy levels and radiation.

But if you're studying chemical bonds, you might need the electron cloud model to know where the electrons are.

And if you want a model that shows off the fundamentals and still looks pretty cool, you might want to go for the planetary model.

Now back in elementary school.

There's also a chance you first learned about the human body in depth stuff like how your body makes urine to get rid of waste.

And along the way, you might have picked up this idea that urine is sterile, maybe from some kid on the playground who'd been watching survival documentaries with their older siblings, and it's understandable.

I mean, it's what people were taught for a long time.

But the next time you were one of your friends get stung by a jellyfish, you should probably hold your bladder.

Here's hang to explain why, for some reason, the TV seems to be full of guidance about what you could do with your peace.

Maybe you're watching one of those wilderness survival shows, and the guy falls down into the ravine and get something gash on his leg.

He's like, Oh, no worries.

Others pee on it, a little urinal spruce that right up, Maybe you watching Lost and Hurley steps on a sea urchin er of jelly vision or whatever, and he's like being at somebody pay on my front.

I got news for you.

Despite televisions, teachings and, in fact, what many doctors and nurses were taught, there's increasing evidence that your urine is not sterile.

The idea that you're in and by extension your bladder is free of bacteria stems from the fact that under normal circumstances it won't produce results in a laboratory culture.

That means that if a sample of your urine is added to a growth medium and incubated in the red conditions.

It won't produce big, flourishing colonies of bacteria if you're healthy.

Doctors have been using these urine cultures for generations because they're really good at detecting large amounts of certain kinds of bacteria, like E.

Coli and Klebsiella that can cause infections in your bladder or you re throw.

However, if your culture comes back negative, that does not mean that there's nothing there.

For one thing, the threshold that labs used to diagnose bacterial infection in your urine is kind of high.

To get your results, lab technicians count colonies of bacteria, and each colony is basically a little speck growing on the growth medium.

And if there are fewer than 100,000 colony's growing in a single millimeter of your year and that's about 1/5 of a teaspoon, they will give that a negative result.

They just assume that those germs were picked up on the way out of your body or simply aren't statistically significant, and they want to avoid reporting a false positive.

But even then, the bacteria that show up in these cultures are only the ones that we contest, for fact is only a small percentage of bacteria can actually be cultured in labs.

There are entire genera of bacteria thriving out there in nature, eating and being eaten recycling elements and basically making the world work that we don't know how to grow in Petri dishes and tells worth considering that you're literally teeming with bacteria.

Right now, I'm talking on the order of trillions of microorganisms inside and out, forming what scientists call your human microbiome, basically the habitat your body provides for lots and lots of tiny livestock, and recent research has shown that your bladder is part of it.

Several studies in the past few years have found lots of uncultured herbal bacteria swimming around in the urine of otherwise healthy people, and they found them not by using the old Petri dish technique but by scanning the P for tiny sequences of DNA, specifically telltale genetic markers that we use to identify and classify bacteria.

One study urine was sampled from two groups of women, one who had some symptoms of urinary infections and another healthy control group.

All of the women had already tested negative for bacteria by conventional means, but 91% of them turned out to have bacteria living in their P, including some kinds that cause infections and a separate experiment.

Similar techniques were used to compare the urine of healthy women with that of women who had overactive bladder syndrome, a condition that makes patients feel like they have to be frequently even when their bladders aren't full.

Results showed that both groups had ample bacteria growing in their urine.

But the populations and the women with overactive bladders were different than those in the control group, suggesting that the syndrome might be microbial e cause.

In the end of the researchers say, your urine may well have some bacteria in it that are causing problems.

They're just hard to detect, but it's even more likely that it contains bacteria that pose no danger.

And who knows, some of them might even be been officials.

The next time you has your pee test that the doctors office keep in mind that that doesn't mean your pee is sterile, so don't do anything crazy with it.

And if you happen to skin you need while you're out in the woods, wash it with soap and water, not with P.

Okay, next up, animals, Because if there's anything.

Kids love learning about its animals, especially their pets.

If you had a dog when you were a kid, even if you didn't, somebody probably told you that dogs can't see color, maybe in a show, and tell a presentation or in some program about animal biology, and you can probably guess where I'm going with this.