Help me!

I'm being mugged!

Travel mugged, that is!

This is the Twizz mug by neolid.

This video is not sponsored by the way.

I bought this mug myself after seeing someone talk about it on Twitter because I was intrigued

by the way it closes.

We're going to talk about the math behind the way it seals today on Michael's toys.

As you can see when it's closed it looks a little bit like…Uranus has a diameter

of more than 50,000 kilometers.

That's more than a mile.

That's a pretty out of this world fact but the way the Twizz mug closes is very much

of this world.

It may look strange but we use this kind of seal quite often.

We do every time we close up a bag of bread.

When we do that we're taking a sleeve of material and we're giving it a twist.

This seal is pretty nice but from above it can look a bit like a Chocolate starfish and

the hot dog-flavored water was the title of Limp Biscuit's third studio album.

It came out in the year 2000 and it was extremely popular with middle schoolers named Michael

Stevens who lived in Stilwell,Kansas.

But we are here today to talk about this mug.

Let's go back to the bread bag first though.

When I close up a bread bag I am taking essentially as I said a cylinder of flexible material

and I'm rotating the top such that I get a nice tight seal down here but notice that

when I do that rotation the height of the bag's material shrinks.

It begins this tall and it ends up shorter.

Lengths of material that originally spent all that length going up, when twisted have

to spend some of that length going forward and right and backwards and left and they

have less of their length to go straight up so the bag becomes shorter.

If I need extra material to keep the height where I want it why don't I just cuff the

material.

If I form a little cuff like that then as I close the bag and it gets shorter I can

surrender some of the material from the cuff and make the cuff shorter and raise it back

up to the height that I want.

That's exactly what happens in this mug.

We have a cylinder of rubbery material, the bottom of which, like the bottom of this bag

analogously is connected inside the mug.

The top, the top folds over the lip of the mug and forms a cuff where it then attaches

to this external ring so when I twist the material, the cylinder of material, the external

ring goes up surrendering material to the inside and we get ourselves a nice seal.

Now the mathematical name for the surface created when you rotate one end of the cylinder

is a hyperboloid.

Wow that really does look like a leather cheerio.

Now I've seen everything.

There are a lot of different ways to generate a hyperboloid.

You can take a cylinder and rotate one of the bases.

If you rotate a base of a cylinder pi radians every line will intersect at a single point.

That's a nice seal.

On the Twizz mug if you rotate pi radians which is 180 degrees half of a full rotation

it closes up.

But the mug itself is actually designed to rotate a bit more than that so you get a really

nice seal that is incredibly water tight.

It's quite impressive but that's not the way of generating a hyperboloid that gives

the hyperboloid its name.

To figure out where its name comes from we should look at conic sections.

Imagine a double cone, two coins joined tip to tip with parallel bases.

Let us now intersect this double cone with a plane.

If the plane is parallel to the bases the intersection will be a circle or in one case,

a point.

If the plane however is not parallel to the bases but its slope is less than the slope

of the cones the intersection will be an ellipse.

If the slope of the plane is equal to the slope of the cones the intersection will either

be a line or in every other case a parabola.

Parabola means to throw next to.

To throw near.

It's the shape of the trajectory of an object thrown here on Earth's surface.

If however the plane has a slope that is greater than the slope of the cones it will intersect

both cones and the intersection is called a hyperbola.

Where hyperbola means to throw beyond.

We get the word hyperbole from the same roots.

It means to have kind of gone too far.

To have exaggerated.

To have been hyperbolic.

And watch this.

If we take a hyperbola and rotate it around this axis we get a hyperboloid of two sheets

but if we rotate the hyperbola around this axis we get a hyperboloid of just one sheet

and this is what our mug is making.

The oid ending that we've ended to hyperbola simply means akin to.

Kind of looks like.

So a hyperboloid kinda looks like a hyperbola but like it's not because it's a surface

not a one dimensional thing.

Any who a hyperboloid of one sheet is a ruled surface which means that it can be constructed

by taking a straight line and moving that straight line through space.

This is very important because if you need to build a structure that curves it's pretty

economical to use the hyperboloid because you could just make it out of straight materials.

You don't have to build special curved materials.

Cooling towers want big wide bases so that there's a lot of surface area for evaporation

but it's awesome if they can be a little bit cinched in the middle because as all the

stuff evaporates it'll rise up and speed up as it reaches this narrower region due

to the Venturi Effect.

Then the cooling tower expands which increases surface area again allowing for more cooling

giving us condensation and evaporation of all the things that we want the cooling tower

to do.

And all of it can be made with straight beams.

One of my favorite ways to exploit the construction of a hyperboloid is the hyperbolic slot.

A straight line magically seems to fit through a curved slot.

This of course is merely a demonstration of the fact that a hyperboloid of one sheet is

a ruled surface.

One of my favorite applications of a hyperbolic slot was used in a display by Hermes where

an umbrella passes through a slot shaped like a hyperbola.

Instructables has instructions on how to make your own out of leggo.

Oh and by the way two axels that are skewed to one another can still contact one another

if their gears are hyperbolic.

So hyperboloids are all around us.

They're beautiful and very useful for when you want a container that can hold liquid,

allow you to pour the liquid and when you don't the liquid to spill out seal up.

So thank you hyperboloid.

I think you're beautiful even when one of your bases is rotated pi radians or more from

above you look a little bit like a be whole, be complete, be 100% and as always thanks

for watching.