Name: 8.現在を意識すること、過去を意識すること。 (8. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past:)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:53:30.000Z
Duration: 59 min 43 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

様態の副詞

Professor Paul Bloom: I'll begin the class officially

程度の副詞

I want to just show you one of the change-blindness studies

And these videotapes are not available publicly.

We get them from the web and see them as little Java scripts.

So, this is one of the first studies done by Dan Simons when

he was at Cornell. And his adviser at the time was

our Frank Keil, who's now in our department.

Change blindness is one of the more striking phenomena

discovered by laboratory scientists and by psychologists.

But it's important to realize, to get away from the sort of

surprise of the gorilla and the fact that it's hard to see the

flickering--the object that's flickering,

and appreciate the big moral of this, because the big moral of

this is actually, I think, striking and quite

important. You think right now that you're

perceiving the world. I look down on you and I think

I have a whole sense of where everybody is.

You're kind of far away and blurry but there's a sense in

which I have a world around me. Similarly, if I'm to close my

eyes for a second, everything just remains and I

could sort of remember some of the things that are there.

That's really good sound localization by me .

So you're looking up and you think you have a sense of the

The change-blindness experiment suggested this isn't true.

The change-blindness experiment suggests that if you look at me

for a second and during that second all of your classmates

change positions, including those next to you,

The change-blindness experiment suggests that if you turn your

eyes away from me towards there for a second and turn back,

and I'm dressed entirely differently, you wouldn't

told yourself consciously, "Remember what this guy is

that and the other." But if you don't do it

consciously you'll lose it, and usually this is okay.

Usually, it's okay because your memory and your visual system

exploits a basic fact about the universe,

which is that most things stay the same most of the time.

I don't have to explicitly remember that you're over there

when I turn my head for a second because you'll be over there in

representations of the world. And so you only notice it in

certain clever circumstances. One sort of clever circumstance

is when psychologists change reality as in the

change-blindness studies. A second sort of circumstance

is in movies. So, one of the big surprises

when people started making movies involving cuts was it is

extremely difficult to get everything continuously right.

And you need to work very hard to notice.

So, there's all of these continuity errors that creep up

into movies and you have to be a film buff or writing it down to

even notice this. And the overall moral here then

is that your perception of reality is a lot more sparse,

a lot more limited, than you might think it is.

So, this is where we were at the end of last class.

We were talking about the different sorts of memories:

Sensory memory, which is the sort of fraction

of a second of sensory residue of what you're hearing and what

short-term memory, and then long-term memory.

And we talked last class about how things get into sensory

memory, into working memory, the role of attention.

And in fact, the change-blindness studies

are actually just studies of how something gets from your senses

to your consciousness and what does and what doesn't.

Now I want to move to the distinction between working

memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Now, the obvious distinction is actually just in fact--is

storage differences. So, long-term memory or "LTM"

has a huge storage capacity. This is your memory like the

hard drive of your computer. This is the memory you walk

around with. It includes all the words in

English, just for example, 60 to 80,000 words.

It includes everybody you've ever met, languages,

faces, stories, locations, nursery rhymes,

songs, TV programs. Nobody knows the storage.

It is not true that you remember everything that has

ever happened to you. There's no reason to believe

that this is true. At the same time though,

you have a huge amount stored in your brain in long-term

storage and nobody actually--It has to be limited because it's a

But nobody knows how big it is. Nobody knows how many terabytes

you carry around in your brain and--but it's a lot.

Compare this to working memory – the short-term memory,

which is actually very limited. Your memory of what you could

store on--in--where you could hold in consciousness right now

Do not write these things down. I want you to remember them.

I'm just going to give you a few numbers: 14,59,

View this as an IQ test if that would relax you.