Name: 4.4.基礎スキナー (4. Foundations: Skinner)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:53:29.000Z
Duration: 58 min 47 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

様態の副詞

Professor Paul Bloom: I actually want to begin by

going back to Freud and hitting a couple of loose ends.

There was a point in my lecture on Wednesday where I skipped

over some parts. I said, "We don't have time for

I've been tormented. I shouldn't have skipped that

and I want to hit--Let me tell you why I skipped it.

The discussion I skipped was the discussion of why we would

have an unconscious at all. So, I was talking about the

scientifically respectable ideas of Freud and I want to talk

about some new ideas about why there could be an unconscious.

Now, the reason why I skipped it is I'm not sure this is the

As we will learn throughout the course, by far the vast majority

of what our brains do, the vast majority of what our

minds do, is unconscious and we're unaware of it.

So the right question to ask may not be, "Why are some things

unconscious?" but rather, why is this tiny

subset of mental life--why is this conscious?

On the other hand, these claims about the utility

of unconsciousness, I think, are provocative and

share them with you. So, the question is,

from an evolutionary standpoint, "Why would an

unconscious evolve?" And an answer that some

psychologists and biologists have given is deception.

And deception defined broadly is simply to act or be in some

way that fools others into believing or thinking or

When threatened, chimpanzees--their hair stands

up on end and that makes them look bigger to fool others to

thinking they're more dangerous than they are.

There's an angler fish at the bottom of the ocean that has a

rod sticking up from the top of its head with a lure to capture

other fish – to fool them in thinking that this is something

edible and then to themselves be devoured.

But humans, primates in general but particularly humans,

are masters of deception. We use our minds and our

behaviors and our actions continually to try to trick

into believing that we're tougher, smarter,

sexier, more reliable, more trustworthy and so on,

than we really are. And a large part of social

psychology concerns the way in which we present ourselves to

other people so as to make the maximally positive impression

At the same time, though, we've also evolved very

good lie detection mechanisms. So not only is there

evolutionary pressure for me to lie to you, for me to persuade

you for instance, that if we're going to have

a--if you are threatening me don't threaten me,

I am not the sort of man you could screw around with.

But there's evolutionary pressure for you to look and

And here's where the unconscious comes in.

The hypothesis is: the best lies are lies we tell

more generally, if you believe the lie that

you're telling. This could be illustrated with

a story about Alfred Hitchcock. The story goes--He hated

working with child actors but he often had to.

And the story goes--He was dealing with a child actor who

simply could not cry. And, finally frustrated,

Hitchcock went to the actor, leaned over,

whispered in his ear, "Your parents have left you and

they're never coming back." The kid burst into tears.

Hitchcock said, "Roll ‘em" and filmed the

if you were to see him, you'd say, "That's--Boy,

he's--he really looks as if he's sad" because he was.

If I had a competition where I'd give $100,000 to the person

who looks the most as if they are in pain,

it is a very good tactic to take a pen and jam it into your

groin because you will look extremely persuasively as if you

are in pain. If I want to persuade you that

I love you, would never leave you, you can trust me with

everything, it may be a superb tactic for me to believe it.

And so, this account of the evolution of the unconscious is

particularly sinister ones, are better made to be

unconscious because if a person doesn't know they have them they

will not give them away. And this is something I think

we should return to later on when we talk about social

One other thing on Freud--just a story of the falsification of

home from a play date on Sunday and he asked me out of the blue,

"Why can't you marry your mother or your father?"

Now, that's actually a difficult question to ask--to

answer for a child, but I tried my best to give him

an answer. And then I said--then I thought

back on the Freud lecture and so I asked him, "If you could marry

imagining he'd make explicit the Oedipal complex and name his

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4.4.基礎スキナー (4. Foundations: Skinner)

fear

condition

learn

instance