a colorful depiction of a young female figure playfully applying lipstick, surrounded by

flowers and butterflies, along with the text, “Happy Women’s Day.” To be honest, I

was a bit baffled. The following day another e-card arrived,

this one featuring a photo of a hot-pink box filled with matching tulips. This second card

also wished me “Happy Women’s Day,” helpfully adding the date March 8th.

Only then did I realize that International Women’s Day, celebrated worldwide on March

8th, seemed to be emerging as an occasion for private rituals involving greetings, gifts,

and flowers much like Mother’s Day. If that is indeed the case, it will be yet another

transformation of a holiday that since its inception in the early 20th century, has

undergone vast changes.

The first “Woman’s Day” celebration

took place in Chicago on May 3rd, 1908. Organized by the U.S. Socialist Party, it brought together

an audience of 1,500 women who demanded economic and political equality, on a day officially

dedicated to “the female workers’ cause.” The following year, women gathered in New

York for a similar celebration. Inspired by these American initiatives, European socialists

soon followed suit. At the International Women’s Conference,

which preceded the general meeting of the Socialist Second International in Copenhagen

in August 1910, leading German socialists Luise Zietz and Clara Zetkin proposed the

establishment of an annual International Woman’s Day as a strategy to promote equal rights,

including suffrage, for women. More than 100 female delegates from 17 countries unanimously

endorsed the proposal. What would seem a fairly innocuous gesture

marked a significant break with socialist tradition. Though ideologically committed

to human equality, socialists had long argued that women’s liberation would only materialize

under socialism, and the only way for working-class women to improve their lot in life was to

join working-class men in their struggle. Feminism was seen as a cause for middle- and

upper-class women with their own class interests in mind. Yet fearful that the feminist demand

for female suffrage might attract too many working-class women, socialist leaders decided

to embrace it. Still, they insisted that the vote was a means to an end, not an end in

itself.  On March 18, 1911, on the fortieth anniversary

of the Paris Commune, International Women’s Day was marked for the first time. More than

a million Austrian, German, Swiss, Polish, Dutch, and Danish women took part in marches

and meetings. The Austrian-Hungarian Empire alone witnessed more than 300 demonstrations.

In the following years, similar events spread across the European continent. Generally spearheaded

by socialist women, demonstrations called for women’s rights and female suffrage,

and many feminists readily joined their socialist sisters.

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 halted much of the international collaboration

that had underpinned International Women’s Day, and sowed deep divisions among socialist

women. Some supported nationalist sentiments while others protested the war and called

for working-class unity across national divides. Eventually many of these women, including

Clara Zetkin, would abandon socialist parties who rallied around the war effort and instead

embrace Communist parties and organizations.  Yet, if International Women’s Day generally

floundered during the war years, it was an International Women’s Day celebration that

ultimately triggered the Russian Revolution.  Russian women had first celebrated International

Women’s Day on March 8 in 1913. Four years later, on March 8, 1917 (February 23 on the

Gregorian calendar then used in Russia), working-class women in Saint Petersburg, exasperated by

rising food prices and rapidly deteriorating living conditions, led a demonstration calling

for an end to war and political autocracy. Once unleashed, their cries for “Bread and

Peace’” could not be quelled. By March 12, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate.

The events of 1917 in Russia ended up setting the date for the celebration of International

Women’s Day, not only in Russia but across the rest of Europe.

In 1922, Lenin established International Women’s Day as a communist holiday in the

new Soviet Union. The same year, Chinese communists began to celebrate it, and after

the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, it was proclaimed an official

holiday. Spanish communists used March 8, 1936 as the occasion to stage a huge demonstration

in Madrid, demanding protection of the Spanish Republic against a growing fascist threat.

International Women’s Day would remain a communist holiday until the end of the 20th century,

marked by carefully orchestrated, state-sponsored celebrations of women’s contributions to

the state.    As women in the United States and across much

of Europe gained suffrage in the wake of the First World War, much of the momentum

for International Women’s Day celebrations waned. During the interwar years, some European

socialists and social democrats continued to mark “Women’s Day,” carefully omitting

the term “international” to distinguish it from its communist sister celebration,

but events rarely drew substantial crowds. It was only with the emergence of second-wave

feminism in the late 1960s, that International Women’s Day reemerged as a significant day

of activism. Though the day never (re)captured much attention among American feminists, European

feminists embraced March 8 under the updated name, Women’s International Day of Struggle

(“Frauenkampftag” in German or “Kvindenes international kampdag” in Danish).

The new name signaled political radicalism and a resolute distance from organized party

politics, both of which were key features of the women’s movement in the 1970s and

1980s. Nonetheless, March 8th celebrations typically involved not only feminists, but

a broad assortment of left-wing activists, women’s groups and labor organizations,

calling for such issues as equal pay, political parity, reproductive rights and child care.

During the International Women’s Year in 1975, the United Nations first celebrated

International Women’s Day. Two years later, in 1977, the United Nations General Assembly

adopted a resolution proclaiming a United Nations Day for Women’s Rights and International

Peace.

Eager to disentangle this new holiday from the socialist origins of International Women’s

Day, the assembly noted that it was to be observed “on any day of the year by member

states, in accordance with their historical and national traditions.”

Moreover, in contrast to contemporary feminist practices of casting it as a day of protest,

the United Nations billed it as “a time to reflect on progress made” and “celebrate

acts of courage and determination of ordinary women.”

In the decades since the 1977 resolution, The United Nations has in fact marked International

Women’s Day on March 8th with events and activities centered around a particular theme

such as “Empower Rural Women—End Hunger and Poverty” (2012) and “Empowering Women,

Empowering Humanity: Picture It!” (2015). In spite of such institutionalization of International

Women’s Day, and in following with its long history of competing traditions, March 8th

is now marked in a variety of ways around the world.

In many (former) Communist regions, it is a public holiday. In Western Europe it remains

an occasion for feminist demonstrations, and in many developing countries women’s rights

activists take to the streets to voice their calls for gender equality. In Italy, men allegedly

give yellow mimosas to women to celebrate the day. And in the United States, some people

apparently send cards and flowers to honor the women in their lives.