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  • Someday, I will die.

    私は いつの日か死ぬはずです

  • But should I?

    でも延命のチャンスがあれば迷わず手にします

  • If I was offered a longer life,

    長すぎる人生とはどれくらいか

  • I would take that in a second.

    死は永遠に拒絶すべきなのか

  • But how long is too long?

    あるいは死と 宇宙におけるその役割を―

  • Is death something I should deny forever,

    受け入れるべきものなのか

  • or is death and the role it plays in the universe

    [私は死ぬべきだろうか]

  • something I am better off accepting?

    まずは死が我々の人生に与える影響を考えます

  • I want to start by looking at a particular way

    「恐怖管理理論」によれば我々人間は―

  • death affects how we live and treat one another.

    文化的価値観を受け入れることで 死の恐怖に取り組んでいます

  • Terror Management Theory

    人は死を意識すればするほど―

  • proposes that people like you and me

    自分の価値観を他人に押し付けるそうです

  • manage the terror of death's inevitability

    提唱者は社会心理学者のシェルドン・ソロモン

  • by embracing cultural values.

    ジェフ・グリーンバーグ トム・ピジンスキー

  • That the more aware a person is of their own mortality,

    恐怖管理理論「TMT」によれば―

  • the more vehemently they will enforce

    人間が変化を恐れるのは死を恐れるから

  • their particular views of the world onto others.

    各人の世界観 信念 慣習や規範は―

  • Created by social psychologists Sheldon Solomon,

    肉体が消えた後も残ると考えるのです

  • Jeff Greenberg and Tom Pyszczynski,

    TMTによればナショナリズムや偏見は―

  • Terror Management Theory, or TMT,

    死に対する恐怖と相関関係があります

  • suggests that, often, we are afraid of change

    人間は常に死を意識しているのです

  • because we're afraid of death.

    死の役割に興味を持った私は―

  • Each one of us has a worldview,

    TMTの提唱者であるジェフとシェルドンの 協力を得て―

  • a set of beliefs, customs and norms

    パイロット・テストを 実施することにしました

  • we identify with that can live on

    [実験1 恐怖管理]

  • after our physical bodies die.

    検証する仮説は?

  • TMT suggest that rises in nationalism and prejudice

    死を意識した被験者はそうでない者より―

  • are correlated with rises in the salience of mortality.

    犯罪者に対してより厳しい罰則を与えると思う

  • That is, how present the inevitability of death is

    見てみよう

  • in people's minds.

    舞台は偽の研究所でスタッフは役者です

  • Now this role that death plays fascinates me,

    被験者には刑事司法制度に関する実験だと 伝えました

  • and two of TMT's originators, Jeff and Sheldon,

    両グループにいくつかの犯罪事例を聞かせ―

  • have agreed to work with me on a pilot study

    犯人に対する刑罰を提示します

  • of Terror Management Theory

    厳しさのレベルは1から7

  • and real-life reminders of death.

    1が最も軽く7が最も重い罰です

  • What's your hypothesis today?

    対照群の被験者には 部屋で質問するだけですが―

  • Well, I think we're going to hope for the participants

    実験群は入室前に 死を想起させるものを見せます

  • who are reminded of their mortality

    ロビーに貼られたポスターです

  • to be more punitive in their assessments.

    またアンケートで死に関する質問をします

  • See what happens.

    数十年のTMT研究によれば 自分の死を意識するほど―

  • For our study,

    犯罪に対して重い刑罰を選ぶ傾向があるそうです

  • we created a fake research center,

    死を連想するものを見ただけでも 同じ効果があるでしょうか

  • staffed by actors,

    まず対照群を見ましょう

  • and invited participants to be a part

    [対照群]

  • of what they were told was a focus group

    ご協力に感謝します

  • about the criminal justice system.

    強調しますが正解はありません

  • During the actual study, each group will hear a list

    感じたまま答えてください

  • of several different crimes that have been committed,

    では始めます

  • and will then be asked to propose a punishment

    恵まれない子供のための教育募金の責任者が―

  • for each offender with a severity level

    集めた金を持ち逃げしました

  • ranging from 1 to 7, with 1 being the most lenient

    数ヵ月後 彼は逃亡先のタスマニアで捕まりました

  • and 7 being the most severe.

    最も軽い罪は3ヵ月の服役

  • The control group will simply enter the survey room

    最も重い罪は10年の服役

  • and be asked to answer the questions.

    答えてください

  • The experimental group, however,

    [対照群 死の連想なし]

  • will first be exposed

    こちらは世界観の違いが出るようですね

  • to reminders of their own mortality

    [対照群]

  • with strategically placed posters in the lobby.

    7が多い

  • Also, the questionnaires they fill out

    対照群が最も重い罪を選ぶなら―

  • will include questions about their own death.

    実験群がこれ以上 厳しい選択をする余地はない

  • Decades of TMT research have shown that when presented

    こうした問題を解決し 実験の精度を高めるのが―

  • with violations of common worldviews,

    パイロット・テストの目的です

  • those who are more aware of their own deaths

    人によってかなり違うね

  • will recommend bigger punishments

    ニセ医者が手術を行い 誤って子供のへんとうを摘出

  • for the crimes presented.

    患者は治療後に回復しました

  • But will our real life reminders of death,

    1は6ヵ月の保護観察で7は10年の服役

  • not just the survey questions usually used,

    相手が医者だと聞くと我々は―

  • make a difference?

    善行を期待するものだ

  • Well, first, let's look at the control participants.

    [対照群]

  • [woman] Well, thank you so much for being here.

    麻薬常習者の医師が手術に失敗し―

  • Now, I cannot emphasize this enough.

    患者は声帯を傷め職業を奪われた

  • There are no right or wrong answers.

    [対照群]

  • This is just about your gut-level reactions.

    免許を取り立て16歳の少女が信号無視で 才能あるピアニストの車に衝突

  • All right, let's begin.

    [対照群]

  • After raising millions of dollars in grant money

    全裸の女性がいる公園に子供を連れていった

  • to fund education for needy children,

    男女で差が出るかも

  • a fundraising manager unhappy with this life

    世界観の違いもよく分かる

  • fled with all the money

    そうだね

  • and was arrested months later in Tasmania,

    [対照群]

  • where he was living under a different name.

    反政府活動家がリンカーン記念堂に―

  • So, 1, least punishment: three months in prison;

    スプレーで落書きをした

  • 7 is most severe: ten years in prison.

    1は40時間の…

  • Please answer now.

    彼女はすぐ1に決めた

  • This is one that I think does have worldviews on both sides.

    権威や規則が嫌いなんだね

  • [Michael] That is a lot of 7s.

    [対照群]

  • If our control group is already maxing out like that,

    ご協力ありがとうございました

  • well, then our scale has no room in that direction

    これが数学的分析の結果です

  • to show any effect of mortality salience.

    各質問の平均値と―

  • Discovering issues like this, learning how to better isolate

    各被験者の平均値と中央値

  • mortality salience's effect,

    4はいいね 3もいい

  • is exactly what a pilot test is for.

    この人は楽観的だね

  • Hey, personal differences, huh?

    罰則の最大値は7 対照群の平均値は4.5でした

  • [woman] An imposter with no medical training

    - 対照群としては妥当だ - 同感

  • posed as a surgeon and bungled a minor operation

    次は実験群を見ます

  • to remove a child's tonsils.

    事前に死を連想させるポスターを見せ―

  • The patient recovered fully after additional treatment.

    アンケートで以下のような質問をします

  • 1 is six months on probation, 7 is ten years in prison.

    「自分の死を考えた時の感情を述べてください」

  • [Sheldon] Okay.

    「死ぬ時に肉体はどうなるか 具体的に述べてください」

  • If you are taking on the persona of a doctor,

    死を意識させるのがポイントです

  • we would expect good behavior.

    実験群はより重い刑罰を選ぶでしょうか

  • [woman] The surgeon botched the operation

    [実験群]

  • and was found to be under the influence of narcotics,

    教育募金の責任者が金を持ち逃げし―

  • causing her to have permanent hoarseness

    数ヵ月後に逃亡先のタスマニアで逮捕された

  • and ruining her career.

    1は3ヵ月の服役で7は10年の服役

  • A 16-year-old girl who had just received her license

    答えてください

  • drove through a red light,

    [実験群]

  • hitting another car that was being driven

    考えてるね

  • by a talented pianist.

    答えを見せて

  • A couple was taking their two children to the playground

    [実験群]

  • when they saw a woman sunbathing nude.

    ありがとうございます

  • Look at that. There could be a gender gap.

    なるほど

  • We're also learning a lot about the worldviews people have.

    [実験群]

  • [Jeff] Yeah, absolutely.

    ニセ医者が手術を行い―

  • An anti-government protester was arrested

    誤って子供のへんとうを摘出

  • for spray-painting profanities at the Lincoln Memorial

    1は6ヵ月の保護観察で7は10年の服役

  • in Washington, D.C.

    [実験群]

  • 1: 40 hours...

    - 対照群より考えてる - そうだね

  • Wow, she went 1 right away.

    [実験群]

  • She's not a fan of authority and rules.

    10だって

  • [Sheldon] Yeah.

    - 上限は知ってるはず - もちろんだ

  • Okay, thank you so much for your time.

    ルールを無視してると知りつつ―

  • We really appreciate it.

    極論を示すというのは面白いね

  • All right, so here's the results

    [実験群]

  • in a mathematical analysis.

    反政府活動家がリンカーン記念館に スプレーで落書きをした

  • These are averages per question.

    [実験群]

  • These are the averages and medians per participant.

    対照群より回答に時間がかかってる

  • [Jeff] The 4s are great. The 3's great.

    注目に値するね

  • But this is ground for optimism, at least.

    [実験群]

  • [Michael] 7 was the max sentencing value,

    [実験群]

  • and our control group gave an average of 4.5.

    終わったから我々が行くと伝えて

  • I'm really happy with that as a control group.

    ありがとうございました 終了です

  • Absolutely.

    少しお待ちください

  • Now, our experimental groups.

    研究者がいくつか質問をします

  • Remember, they will be seeing posters that remind them

    死を連想させるポスターの効果を確かめたい

  • of their own mortality,

    1つ聞きたいんだけど―

  • and will be asked different questions

    待合室のポスターに気づいた?

  • in their questionnaire.

    ええ 死に関わるものばかり

  • For example...

    そうか

  • The point is to prime their mortality salience.

    中に入ると墓石が見えて驚いたわ

  • Let's see if this group is more punitive

    そうだね

  • towards worldview violations.

    - 何事かと - 分かるよ

  • After raising millions of dollars

    恐怖管理理論という考え方を研究しています

  • to fund education for needy children,

    その理論の基本的な考えは―

  • a fundraising manager fled with all the money

    「死の意識は行動に影響する」です

  • and was arrested months later in Tasmania.

    我々は世界観に重きを置くことで―

  • 1: three months in prison;

    死の恐怖を管理していると言われているのです

  • 7: ten years in prison.

    我々の基盤は社会や文化や アイデンティティーだからね

  • Please answer now.

    この部屋に入ってからも死について考えた人は?

  • Okay, he's thinking about it.

    自分の世界観に反する人を責めようとしていた

  • Please hold up your answers.

    - 分かったよ - 感情が出た

  • All right. Thank you so much.

    有益な実験になったよ

  • Ah, okay.

    - ご協力ありがとう - 感謝するよ

  • [woman] An imposter with no medical training

    ポスターの効果はあったが―

  • posed as a surgeon and bungled a minor operation

    被験者は実験との関連性に気づかなかった

  • to remove a child's tonsils.

    対照群の被験者の平均値は4.5だが―

  • 1: six months on probation;

    実験群の被験者の平均値は4.7に近い

  • 7: ten years in prison.

    わずかな差ではあるが実験群の被験者は―

  • -They are thinking a lot more. -Yeah.

    予測どおりの結果を出した

  • -[Sheldon] Wow. -[Michael] A 10.

    だがこの程度の差なら無視できる

  • I'm pretty sure she knows that 7 is the highest.

    もっと実験をしたいね

  • [Jeff] We'll call it a 7.

    あの人数では統計的に有意ではない

  • It's funny to see when people feel bold enough,

    今日の実験で死の意識の影響を感じた?

  • even though I'm breaking the bounds

    - 実験群のほうが考える時間が少し長かった - 同感だ

  • and the rules of the task.

    正しい判断をしようとする努力が感じられた

  • An anti-government protester was arrested

    - その差は注目に値する - そうだな

  • for spray-painting profanities at the Lincoln Memorial

    死を連想させる方法を練る必要はありますが―

  • in Washington, D.C.

    2つの群における回答時間の差は明らかでした

  • [Sheldon] I really do appreciate the way

    対照群の被験者は 平均4分46秒で答えましたが―

  • they clearly seem to be taking a bit more time

    実験群の被験者は平均で7分18秒かかりました

  • -to deliberate. -Yeah.

    ある意味 予想どおりの結果だ

  • Okay, they can put the papers down,

    死を想定している人間は 正しい行動を取りたいと感じる

  • and tell them that we will be in shortly.

    陪審員をしたら より真剣に判断するだろう

  • [woman] Okay, thank you so much.

    今日よく分かったが 確かめたいことは1つじゃない

  • We've finished with this part of the study.

    できるだけ慎重に不確実なことを減らすんだ

  • So if you won't mind hanging out for a moment,

    少しずつ理解を深めるのが大事だ

  • and our researchers will be in here in a moment

    今回の実験で 恐怖管理には まだ研究の余地があることが分かりました

  • to ask you a couple questions.

    私が特に興味を持ったのは―

  • [Michael] Let's find out if the reminders of mortality

    死を意識すると偏狭な考え方になること

  • we showed our experimental group were salient enough.

    それと同時に より深く考えているように見えた

  • [Jeff] Let me ask you about one thing.

    もう少し調べてみたい

  • Out in the waiting room,

    もしかすると―

  • did you all notice the posters at all?

    死の影響は悪いものばかりではないかも

  • [woman] Yes, they are all death-related.

    同時に相反した考えを持てるのか

  • Okay. All right.

    つまり自然死の消滅を望みつつ―

  • Yeah.

    死を受け入れることもできるのか

  • -That's right. -[all laugh]

    私は少なくとも すぐには死にたくない

  • So we are looking into

    でも将来の死を受け入れ 恐怖を抑えて―

  • something that's called Terror Management Theory.

    強くて誠実な人間になれるのかを知りたい

  • And it's the idea that your own awareness of your mortality

    頼りになる友人がいます

  • can affect the behaviors that you exhibit.

    ケイトリン・ドーティは―

  • That we all manage the terror that we feel

    葬儀屋で作家で死を肯定する活動家です

  • knowing that we are mortal, by behaving in certain ways,

    多くの人が目を背ける死の側面を―

  • especially in ways that reinforce our own worldviews.

    生涯を通じ 論じています

  • Because we could kind of live on through the societies

    こう言う人にはどう答える?

  • and cultures and identities that we have today.

    「私は死を恐ろしいことだと思います」

  • [Jeff] Did any of you feel like you were still thinking

    「今 自分が存在していることも怖い」

  • a little bit about death when you came in here?

    死にそうな人のセリフ?

  • I was definitely going after people who transgressed

    - 私のセリフだと仮定して - いいわよ

  • against my worldview, to use your term.

    いくつか言いたい

  • -Yes, I noticed that. -I was definitely doing that.

    まず それは人間の 存在がもたらす根源的苦悩ということ

  • [Michael] So this was incredibly helpful.

    何十億という人々が同じように感じているわ

  • -[Jeff] Yeah. -[Michael] Thank you very much.

    あなただけじゃない

  • [Jeff] Thanks so much. I appreciate.

    人間は ある程度の年齢に達すると―

  • [Michael] It looks like our experimental stimuli were successful.

    愛する人も皆 死ぬことを理解し始める

  • They were salient, but didn't cause the participants

    強烈で痛みを伴う現実ね

  • to think they were related to the study.

    その事実を知った瞬間から 私たちは防御機構を発動して―

  • The control participants averaged about 4.5.

    生活に取り入れるの

  • The experimental participants were close to 4.7,

    具体的には?

  • if we round up.

    分かりやすいのは子供を持つことね

  • So there's a slight tendency for the experimental people

    本や映像作品などの創作活動もその1つよ

  • to be leaning in the direction that we predicted.

    狡猾な方法としては戦争も挙げられるわ

  • But we're talking about

    侵略行為や他人を顧みずに 金儲けをすることも同じよ

  • relatively inconsequential differences.

    すべて死の否定の証しね

  • That's right. It just makes me hungry to run more people.

    「私にはお金がある 力があるから大丈夫」

  • And with the number that we had,

    人は死ぬという事実から逃れたつもりになるの

  • that's statistically insignificant.

    本当は誰も死からは逃れられないのに―

  • Do you think that we did see any effects

    そう信じ込もうとする

  • of mortality salience today?

    欧米文化と死の関係は どう特徴づけられる?

  • [Jeff] I feel like the mortality salient groups

    150年前のアメリカを考えて

  • tended to think a little longer before responding.

    夫が死んだ場合 妻がすべての面倒を見てた

  • Yeah, me too.

    夫の体を清めて 隣人に頼んでひつぎを作る

  • [Jeff] And they seemed more thoughtful.

    夫をひつぎに入れて 肩に乗せて運び―

  • -They were really-- -They put more effort into it,

    自分たちで掘った穴に入れる

  • into trying to do the right thing.

    すべて自分でやらなきゃならない

  • The difference was dramatic enough that we picked up on it.

    でも20世紀に入って大きな変化があった

  • -Absolutely. -Although our stimuli

    病院が定着して家で死ぬことはなくなり―

  • might need to go through more passes and more vetting,

    葬儀場の普及で 死への対応は外注するようになった

  • we did find an interesting difference

    食肉処理場も生まれたわ

  • in the time it took

    突然 食品製造と畜殺は人目に触れなくなったの

  • for our groups to respond.

    都会に住む私たちは何でも人に頼む

  • Our control group took an average

    すべてが死を拒絶することに つながってる

  • of 4 minutes and 46 seconds to decide on their punishments,

    死を受け入れるとはどういうこと?

  • but our experimental group

    完全に受け入れることは難しいと思う

  • took an average of 7 minutes, 18 seconds.

    でも死を受け入れることは―

  • In a sense, that really is the prediction.

    自己認識と強い関連があるの

  • The right thing by their own worldview,

    恐怖を隠してると自覚しないと 受け入れる準備はできない

  • but by the same token, when we think about death,

    死に対する考え方として残念なのは―

  • we want to do what's right.

    死んだら終わりだと思って 学ぶことを放棄する人がいることだ

  • And if we're acting like jurors,

    目的を失ってる

  • we want to make the right decisions.

    死を意識すると余計に「学びたい」と―

  • As we very much learned today,

    感じるでしょう?

  • the goal isn't to prove one thing one way or the other.

    終わりがなくても―

  • It's just to reduce uncertainty...

    カメラを抱えて取材に走り回るかしら

  • -That's correct. -...in the most careful way.

    - 番組のために - しないね

  • Absolutely. To know a little bit more today than yesterday.

    「200年後にやるさ」と思ってしまうはずよ

  • [Jeff] Yeah.

    でも 今のあなたは取り込んだ情報を使って―

  • [Michael] Our pilot test shows

    面白い番組を作りたいと思ってる

  • that there's still a lot to discover

    - 1度きりのチャンスだから - そうね

  • about terror management

    人生に終わりがあるから 情熱が生まれるの

  • and many promising ways to do it.

    死に感謝しないと

  • I'm particularly intrigued by our observation

    よくない考え方の例はある?

  • that for all the closed-mindedness

    「クラウドに脳をアップロードしたい」と 言って―

  • mortality salience appears to cause,

    不死を追求する人が心配だわ

  • it also lead to what looked like

    誰もが永遠に生きられるという考えは―

  • increased consideration and thought.

    環境的観点から見ても 決して正しい理解とは言えない

  • I'd love to see more research on that idea.

    地球の可能性が広がる新たな時代の 夜明けがやってきます

  • But the point is this:

    80年後 100年後 200年後の世界は どうなっているでしょう

  • if death's effects aren't all entirely bad,

    知りたいと思いませんか? [アルコー]

  • what if, instead of,

    死を避けたい人がいる理由を知るため―

  • or at least at the same time

    アルコー延命財団を訪ねました

  • that we hope for the abolition of natural death,

    - やあ リンダ - こんにちは

  • we also find a way to accept it?

    - こんにちは - ようこそアルコーへ

  • Now, obviously I don't want to die, at least not soon.

    よろしく

  • But accepting the inevitability of my own death

    リンダは46年前にアルコーを共同設立しました

  • and being less afraid of it feels powerful and honest.

    この場所が―

  • I'd like to learn what that looks like.

    人間を冷凍保存し保管する場所ですね

  • And I have a friend who can help.

    ええ 約160人の患者がいます

  • I'm paying a visit to Caitlin Doughty,

    会員数は―

  • a mortician, author, and death positivity activist,

    若干の変動はありますが 1,190人ほどです

  • who has made an entire career out of discussing

    会員というのは存命で…

  • the aspects of death that most of us prefer to ignore.

    申し込みをしている人です

  • What do you say to someone who comes to you and says,

    冷凍保存されると「患者」になります

  • "I think death is terrifying. It's...

    なぜ彼らを「患者」と呼ぶのですか?

  • "so scary and sad

    我々にとって 死は流動的で―

  • that I'm just here now"?

    生か死かの二択ではありません

  • Is this person dying, or is this person...?

    我々は死にゆく過程を 徐々に止めようとしているのです

  • This person is me in front of you right now.

    アルコーの患者になるには 最初に8万~20万ドル支払います

  • This person is you. Okay, so...

    そして死ぬ

  • I would tell you a couple things.

    厳密に言えば臨床的な意味での死で―

  • First, you're dealing with the primal existential quandary

    一般的には心肺停止を指します

  • of human existence.

    そこから作業が始まります

  • -Yes. -And you are one of, you know,

    2種類の項目から選んでもらいます

  • the many billions of people who have felt this.

    「全身」か「ニューロ」です

  • So you're not alone in feeling this way.

    ニューロは頭のこと?

  • So we go through life-- We reach a certain age,

    そうですね 具体的には 鎖骨より上の部分を指します

  • and we begin to understand

    私の家族は全員がニューロを申し込んでいます

  • that someday ourselves and everyone we love will die.

    - そうですか - 技術を理解している人の多くがそうです

  • And that's powerful, painful knowledge.

    全身を選ぶのは感情的な要因が大きい

  • And I think from that moment,

    そうでしょうね

  • We have to start developing defense mechanisms

    体を切り取って廃棄することに 共感できないのです

  • to handle that and to integrate that into our lives.

    全身患者の場合を説明します

  • So, what are those defense mechanisms?

    その時が来ると患者を浴槽に入れます

  • I think that the more obvious ones would be having a child,

    浴槽には砕いた氷と水が入っています

  • writing a book, making a TV show,

    胸部圧迫器で心臓を再び動かし―

  • creating a legacy of some kind.

    挿管することで肺機能を再開し 冷たい空気を循環させます

  • But there's also a more insidious version,

    つまり動静脈と血管系と心臓が―

  • which is war.

    循環を続けていなければならない

  • Taking other countries.

    ここが手術室です

  • Being rich and being okay with other people being poor.

    通常 患者をそのドアから入れて―

  • I think those are all signs of death denial.

    特別に開発したこの手術台に載せます

  • They're all saying,

    それから手術台に 窒素ガスを循環させることで―

  • "But I'm okay, because I have this money,

    体を外から冷やします

  • "or I have this power, or I have these kind of dark impulses

    全身患者の場合は医師が胸を開き―

  • that allow me to say, at least I can outrun death in that way."

    移植用の臓器保存液を循環させます

  • And, of course, that's not true.

    手術室に入ると患者の血液を 臓器移植液に置換し―

  • No one can outrun death.

    血管系を循環させることで 急速に内部まで冷やします

  • But you can trick yourself into believing that.

    組織内の水が氷点に達する直前に―

  • So how would you characterize

    抗凍結液を導入し凍結を予防します

  • the Western relationship to death?

    氷の結晶による軟組織の破壊を防ぎます

  • Take America 150 years ago.

    「ガラス化保存」過程です

  • If you were my husband and you died,

    - ニューロの患者がここに着いたら… - まだ全身の状態?

  • I would be entirely in charge of you.

    ええ 医師がまず分離をします

  • I would wash your body.

    - なるほど - 鎖骨より下から頭部を切り離します

  • I would get the neighbor to make a wooden coffin for you.

    切り取った頭部をここに運び―

  • We would put you in the coffin and carry you on our shoulders,

    この台に載せます

  • to the grave which someone had dug themselves.

    血を抜き 代わりに臓器保存液を導入します

  • -Right. -It would have been

    人間の頭部がここにあるのを想像してます

  • an entirely self-sufficient process.

    固定するんですよね

  • But what happened around the turn of the 20th century

    この部屋は想像を超えたSF映画のようだが―

  • is really three big things in my mind.

    現実です

  • One, you had the rise of hospitals.

    そうですよ

  • So people were no longer dying at home.

    ガラス化作業が完了すると―

  • You had the rise of funeral homes,

    患者は金属のケースが付いた袋に入れられます

  • which means that we are now outsourcing our death.

    そしてデュワーと呼ばれる 液体窒素入りの筒状のタンクへ

  • The third one is slaughterhouses.

    この患者収容区画には159人の患者がいます

  • So all of a sudden, all food production

    - このタンクに? - そうです

  • and the killing of animals is also hidden as well.

    1つのタンクに9人の患者が入っています

  • And we live in our suburban houses,

    4人が全身で5人がニューロ

  • where all those things are outsourced.

    このタンクには―

  • And it's just these layers and layers of denial around death.

    - 私の夫が入っているんです - これですか

  • But what does it mean to accept death?

    ええ フレッドがここにいるの

  • I don't think that you ever truly accept death.

    母と義父が入ってるタンクは―

  • But I believe that the movement toward accepting death

    これです

  • involves really true self-awareness

    ここは墓地じゃないですよね 不思議な感じがします

  • about where you're hiding your fears of death.

    アルコーは救急車に近いですね

  • That's where real awareness and acceptance can come from.

    愛する人を今の病院ではなく 未来の病院に収容するのです

  • For me, the thing that's just such a bummer about death

    技術で救える時代のね

  • is that I just am done.

    移動するのは空間でなく…

  • I don't get to continue learning things

    時間

  • and seeing what happens.

    時間を旅する救急車を作る意欲は どこから湧いたのか

  • And I'm just not part of Earth anymore.

    アルコーのCEO マックス・モアに聞きます

  • Isn't death kind of what gives you that passion,

    冷凍保存された人体を再生するには―

  • when you think about it?

    まだ時間を要しますか?

  • Like, I love learning, I love ideas.

    数十年もすれば 全員を再生することができるでしょう

  • If you didn't have an end point, are you going to come in here

    冷凍保存している卵子 精子 皮膚 角膜などは単一組織だから―

  • with all these cameras and do the huge amount of legwork

    プロセスを逆転するだけでいい

  • -that creating a show requires? -No.

    臓器となると少し複雑ですが―

  • No. Right. Because you're like, "I don't know, maybe I'll do it

    数年前に実験を行っています

  • 200 years from now."

    化学物質を使って ミミズにエサの場所を記憶させ―

  • Whereas right now, you're taking in information left and right,

    冷凍保存してから再生しました

  • because you want to produce content.

    その後 エサを使って実験したところ―

  • You want to produce exciting things

    記憶が残っていました

  • and share with other people...

    記憶が残ることを証明できたので 次の段階に進めます

  • -Because this is my one chance. -This is your one chance.

    全身の再生は まだですが 少しずつ成果を出したいですね

  • The passion and the realness to life comes from an ending.

    「人間は死ぬべきか」という問いについては?

  • That's the great gift that death gives us.

    - 死を避けることで何かを失う? - 言いたいことは分かります

  • What's an unhealthy relationship to have to your own mortality?

    奴隷制や天然痘を排除した時も 何かが失われました

  • The pursuit of immortality,

    人は何とか死を正当化しようとする

  • and the pursuit of, "I will stay alive

    我々は今 悲劇的状況にあると思います

  • until I can upload my brain into the cloud."

    知識が増えていく一方で―

  • That worries me.

    認知機能や身体機能が衰える

  • The idea that everyone is just allowed

    現状はよくないと言えます

  • to live forever from here on out

    両面の能力を上げられたら?

  • is not environmentally sensible.

    何百年も生き もっと賢くなれる

  • It's not-- You know, it's just not a sensible position to take.

    時間が無限にあれば より成熟し洞察力も高まる

  • [narrator] We are seeing the dawn

    皆が成熟した人間になれば 世界は今より よくなります

  • of a new era of possibilities unfold

    異を唱える人もいます

  • on planet Earth.

    「死が人生に意味を与える」

  • What will our amazing world be like in, say, 80,

    デタラメだ

  • 100, or even 200 years from now?

    90歳まで生きるはずだった人が 45歳で殺されたら―

  • Wouldn't you like the possibility

    人生の意味が倍になりますか?

  • of finding out?

    人生は積み重ねだから 長いほど深く豊かになり―

  • [Michael] To understand why some people

    より有意義になるはずです

  • feel like death shouldn't be inevitable,

    話を聞いて気づきました

  • I've come to Alcor,

    私は死を正当化して 死を受け入れる理屈を探しています

  • one of the world's leading life extension facilities.

    死の容認が不健全とは思えない

  • -Linda. Hi, I'm Michael. -Hi, how are you?

    殺される可能性は否めないが―

  • -Great to meet you. -Nice to meet you too.

    1つ強調して言わせてください

  • -Welcome to Alcor. -Thank you for having me here.

    我々は「永遠」や「不死」をうたってはいない

  • I'm meeting Linda Chamberlin,

    生き返る機会を提供してるだけです

  • who co-founded Alcor nearly 46 years ago.

    不死ではなく延命の手助けを しようとしているのです

  • So this facility that we are in right now

    我々は いつか人間を冷凍保存し―

  • is where you both cryo-preserve people and store them.

    再生することができるのでしょうか

  • [Linda] Yes. We have 160 patients.

    できるでしょう

  • -Wow. -And we have

    冷凍保存は死の意味を変えると思います

  • eleven hundred and ninety-something members.

    生活を改善する医療技術の突破口につながる

  • -It changes. -And a member is someone

    しかし私は延命を永久に望むでしょうか

  • -who is alive today but has... -Alive today.

    確かに死は忌むべきものです

  • They've made the arrangements for this.

    でも世界は私がいなくても困らない

  • Once they are cryo-preserved, they become patients.

    何十億年もそうでした

  • You're using the word "patient."

    私の存在は重要だから 死んではいけない?

  • -Yes. -Okay.

    できるだけ長く生きるべき?

  • Tell me about why you use that word.

    それとも後世にバトンを渡すべき?

  • For us, death is not something which is like an on/off switch.

    私は延命をするべきでしょうか

  • One second you're alive, the next second you're dead.

    あるいは その時が来たら死を決意して―

  • -Mm-hmm. -What we are trying to do

    借りものの体を返すべきか

  • is to slow down and stop the dying process.

    正解はない

  • [Michael] To become a patient at Alcor,

    人それぞれ判断は異なり またそうあるべきです

  • first you have to pay between 80 and $200,000

    私もずっと考えています

  • Then you have to die,

    再びケイトリンと―

  • or more specifically, be pronounced clinically dead.

    私自身の死について話します

  • This generally means that your heart and lungs

    改めて よろしく

  • have stopped functioning.

    君と話した後 アルコーを訪ねた

  • At that point, Alcor can begin their work.

    人間を再生する技術が発明されなければ―

  • Now, there are two ways that a person could sign up

    患者は死んだままだが 彼らは未来に期待を寄せてる

  • for this procedure.

    恐怖管理理論の研究もした

  • There's a whole-body patient, or as a neuro.

    実は2週間前に祖母が亡くなったんだ

  • Oh, and does "neuro" just mean head?

    それは お気の毒に

  • It means, yes, the cephalon, actually,

    父と同じく祖母も火葬された

  • which is all of the structures down to about the clavicle.

    私は自分が死んだ時に―

  • -Uh-huh. -I'm a neuro.

    どうしたいのか 何も決めてなかった

  • Everybody in my family, who's now in stasis, is a neuro.

    - 今すぐ死んでしまう可能性もある - そうね

  • -Really? -Most of the people

    だから意思表示をしておくよ

  • who really understand the technology are neuros.

    私が選んだ答えは その時が来たら―

  • The primary reason that people choose whole body is emotional.

    自分の存在はなくなっていい

  • -Of course. -And they're not comfortable

    自分の原子や分子を宇宙に戻す

  • with the idea of their body being removed and discarded.

    死にたいと決めたんだ

  • So let's say that our patient is whole body.

    正しい決断をしてくれてうれしいわ

  • The moment the patient is pronounced,

    緑に包まれた墓地で 自然な形で埋葬してもらい―

  • they go into an ice bath.

    虫や植物のエサになって土に戻りたい

  • And this is just crushed ice.

    でも「ここが彼の墓だ」と皆が訪ねてくれる―

  • And it's water in there as well.

    場所がいい

  • Their heart has started again with a mechanical thumper.

    あなたが埋葬された場所に―

  • They're intubated, and their lungs are functioning again.

    ディスクを埋めて GPSで位置情報を知らせるのよ

  • Being ventilated.

    自生の植物を再生させる自然の墓地がいいわ

  • Circulating the cooler temperatures.

    自分の木も植えられる

  • Yeah, yeah, yeah. So you need the veins,

    最初に渡すのは「高度な指示」と呼ばれるもの

  • the arteries, the vasculature, the heart.

    - そうか - これは必須よ

  • You need all of those continuing to pump and circulate.

    あなた自身があなたの体の―

  • [Linda] This is our operating room.

    責任者を具体的に指名するの

  • [Michael] Wow.

    死んだ直後や埋葬の仕方も含めて 責任を持つ人よ

  • So basically,

    すべて一任するの

  • when the patient comes in through the door there,

    埋葬だけでなく死の過程に関する決定か

  • they'll go into this specially developed operating table.

    前後を含めてね

  • It is going to be circulating nitrogen gas over them

    それは興味深い

  • to help cool them externally.

    我々にとって未知の選択です

  • And if it's a whole-body patient,

    死に際して選べるのは―

  • then the surgeons open the chest,

    火葬か防腐処理か腐敗かだけでした

  • and then we begin circulating the organ transplant solution.

    でも今は死の扉の前で立ち止まり―

  • [Michael] Once in the operating room,

    待つこともできます

  • the patient's blood is replaced

    でも私はそうしない

  • with cooled organ transplant fluid

    正式に手続きをしました

  • and circulated through the vascular system

    - やったわね - ああ

  • to rapidly cool down the internal

    - 完了だ - 気分は?

  • and external temperatures of the body.

    妙なことに気分がいい

  • Just before the water within the body tissue

    人生だけでなく自分の死を変える決断だ

  • reaches its freezing point,

    決断してくれてうれしいわ

  • cryo-protective fluids are introduced.

    ありがとう

  • These act like antifreeze,

    ジェフとシェルドンから死の影響力を学びました

  • preventing the formation of ice crystals

    ケイトリンにも感謝の意を

  • that could damage soft tissue.

    マックスが提供する延命のチャンスも尊重します

  • This is called the vitrification process.

    そして番組をご覧の皆さん

  • Now, say that it is a neuro patient.

    ご視聴ありがとう

  • -So they come in first here. -Yup, their whole body.

  • Right. The surgeons will do the neuro separation first.

  • -Okay, yeah, that makes sense. -Separate the cephalon,

  • which is all of the structures down to about the clavicle.

  • Bring it over here

  • to this operating field.

  • We'll wash the blood out.

  • And we introduce the organ transplant solution.

  • I'm imagining a person's cephalon,

  • essentially their head, in here.

  • I can see how it's going to get clamped in.

  • [Linda] Yeah.

  • [Michael] That looks like, I'm sure,

  • a crazy sci-fi movie.

  • -But it really happens. -It really happens.

  • [Michael] After the vitrification process is complete,

  • the patients are placed inside bags

  • that are attached to open metal cases,

  • which are then placed inside cylindrical tanks

  • filled with liquid nitrogen, called dewars.

  • So this is our patient care bay.

  • We have 159 patients.

  • -In these tanks right here? -In these tanks.

  • There are approximately

  • nine patients in each one of these.

  • Four whole bodies and five neuros.

  • This one right here

  • is where my husband is currently housed.

  • -This one right here? -Right.

  • This is where Fred is at the moment.

  • My mother and my father-in-law are...

  • in this one.

  • [Michael] Wow, it's so weird,

  • because I am right now not in a graveyard.

  • No. Alcor is very much like an ambulance

  • taking their loved ones to a hospital

  • not down the street,

  • -but a hospital in the future. -Yeah.

  • When technology can help them.

  • They're not being transported through space,

  • -but through time. -Time.

  • [Michael] To see what drives this time-traveling ambulance,

  • I'm going to sit down with Max More,

  • Alcor's CEO, and a future neuro patient.

  • So, Max, what's the status of the technology needed

  • to revive cryo-preserved specimens?

  • -Are we getting closer? -We are getting closer.

  • It's going to be decades, at least,

  • before we can bring back whole human beings.

  • But we already cryo-preserve eggs, sperm,

  • microbes of skin, corneas,

  • heart valves, all kinds of things.

  • So those are single tissues. And we can reverse that process.

  • -Mm-hmm. -You move from that to an organ,

  • things get more difficult.

  • But we actually did an experiment a few years ago.

  • We took this little tiny worm.

  • We used a certain chemical so we'd learn that,

  • oh, my food's over here and not over here.

  • And we cryo-preserved them.

  • And then we just waited, brought them back,

  • and then we tested them.

  • We were able to demonstrate with the memory test

  • that the ones that have received the training

  • retained that memory.

  • So it was the first time any organism

  • we've proven to survive with memory.

  • So now we're asking, okay, what's the next step?

  • Because whole organisms are difficult to reverse right now.

  • But step by step, the more progress we can make,

  • -the more convincing this is. -Wow.

  • When it comes to extending life,

  • some questions come up, like, "should people die?"

  • I know we don't like the idea of death.

  • -I know what you're getting at. -But you lose something

  • by getting rid of death.

  • Yeah, we'll lose something

  • like we lost something when we got rid of slavery

  • or smallpox.

  • So I think people...

  • people are tying themselves in knots to rationalize death.

  • I believe that, right now,

  • we're kind of in this tragic situation where,

  • over time, hopefully you kind of learn.

  • Your wisdom grows over time.

  • At the same time,

  • your cognitive and physical health is declining.

  • That really sucks. That's a bad situation.

  • What if they both could keep going up indefinitely?

  • So you could live for hundreds of years or longer,

  • and get smarter, and more knowledgeable, and wiser.

  • Hopefully more mature, and have more foresight

  • because you got a much longer planning horizon.

  • What we'll have is a world of, I call, ultra-mature people,

  • which I think will actually be a better world

  • than the one we have today.

  • And if they say, well-- And this comes up all the time.

  • They say, "Well, death is what gives life meaning."

  • Bullshit, okay? If that was true,

  • then would they also advocate people who live to 90

  • should be killed off at 45?

  • Will that double the meaning in their life?

  • In fact, I think life gets more meaning the longer you live,

  • because you can build on what you've done before.

  • So if anything, it increases the meaningfulness of life,

  • in my view.

  • You're making me realize that, in many ways,

  • I am rationalizing death.

  • I'm looking for ways to excuse it and accept it.

  • I don't think it's unhealthy to accept that you are mortal.

  • Well, I have to accept it,

  • because I could get killed at any time.

  • One thing I have to stress,

  • because every article written,

  • they always have to use the word "forever,"

  • or "immortality."

  • And that's not on the table here.

  • We're just offering a chance for people to be revived

  • when we've beaten aging.

  • And eventually something's going to get you.

  • So we're not offering immortality.

  • We're offering an unknown extension of human lifespan.

  • Do I think that someday we will be able to cryonically freeze

  • an entire person and then revive them?

  • Yes, I do.

  • I believe that cryopreservation

  • will change the meaning of death,

  • and lead to breakthroughs in medical technology

  • that will improve all of our lives.

  • But do I want to extend my life indefinitely?

  • Well, on the one hand,

  • obviously death is a bummer.

  • But on the other,

  • the universe managed fine without me

  • for billions of years.

  • Am I really so important

  • that it should never not have me again?

  • Should I be around as long as possible?

  • Or do those who will come later deserve their own world?

  • Should I try to extend my life?

  • Or should I decide to die when my time comes

  • and return all this matter I'm borrowing back to the world?

  • Well, I don't think there's a right answer.

  • It's a personal choice we each get to make,

  • and should be able to make.

  • And I've been thinking about it a lot.

  • So I'm going to speak again with my friend Caitlin,

  • the mortician, to confront my own mortality.

  • Well, Caitlin, thanks for meeting with me again.

  • I've been surrounded by death lately.

  • Spoke to you. I visited Alcor.

  • And, you know,

  • if we never invented technology to bring people back,

  • then the Alcor patients are dead.

  • But they have that hope.

  • I worked on Terror Management Theory.

  • And I even had a loved one pass away just two weeks ago.

  • -My grandmother. -Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.

  • She was cremated, as was my father.

  • And I realized, you know,

  • I've never made a clear decision about what should happen to me.

  • Because I just figured

  • I'll figure that out when I'm older.

  • -But I could die at any time. -You sure could.

  • So I want to be prepared.

  • And I want my wishes to be known.

  • -Yeah. -So I have decided

  • when that moment comes,

  • I want it to be my final moment of existence.

  • I want to give all my atoms and molecules back to the universe.

  • And I've decided that I want to die.

  • Oh, I'm so glad you've made that decision.

  • And you've come to the right place.

  • I want to be naturally buried.

  • I want to have a green burial.

  • You know, become worm food and plant food.

  • I want it all to go back to earth.

  • But I kind of want a place where people can come

  • to be like, that's where he was buried.

  • So there's everything from just little discs in the ground

  • where you are, to GPS that locates you,

  • to natural cemeteries

  • that are trying to reintroduce native plants.

  • -Yeah, yeah, yeah. -So, you know,

  • you can have your own Joshua tree.

  • So the first thing I'm going to give you to give a look over

  • is what's called an advanced directive.

  • -Okay. -And everybody needs

  • to have one of these.

  • And why it's so important is that it's you

  • not only designating someone to be in charge of your body

  • as you're dying, right after you die,

  • and then with however you decide to dispose of it.

  • But also who that person is.

  • So this isn't just about burial. This is dying.

  • It's about death, dying, death and after death.

  • -Interesting. -Mm-hmm.

  • [Michael] A choice like this

  • is extremely new to humans.

  • It used to be your only options upon death

  • were cremation, embalming, or rotting away.

  • But today, you can chose to pause yourself at death's door

  • until the door has been moved somewhere else.

  • But I've decided not to do that.

  • So I'm ready to make this official.

  • -Fire in the hole. -Okay.

  • -Whoo! All right. -How do you feel?

  • Weirdly, I feel very relaxed and good.

  • It was kind of life-changing, but what it really was

  • was death-changing.

  • Ha, well, thank you, and I'm glad you've decided to die.

  • Thank you.

  • Jeff and Sheldon,

  • thank you for showing me the power of death's influence.

  • Caitlin, thank you for helping me accept it.

  • Max, thank you for the work you are doing

  • and the opportunities you are offering humanity.

  • And, all you out there, as always, thanks for watching.

Someday, I will die.

私は いつの日か死ぬはずです

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