what we learn from conservatives.

今日は保守的な人達からー

And I'm at a stage in life where I'm yearning for my old days,

何を学べるのかをお話しします

so I want to confess to you

私も過去を懐かしむ年齢ですから

that when I was a kid,

みなさんに白状します

indeed, I was a conservative.

実は子供の頃は

I was a Young Republican, a Teenage Republican,

保守主義者で

a leader in the Teenage Republicans.

１０代の少年共和党員の

Indeed, I was the youngest member

リーダーでした

of any delegation

各地の代表団の中でも

in the 1980 convention that elected Ronald Reagan

最年少でした

to be the Republican nominee for president.

ロナルド・レーガンが

Now, I know what you're thinking.

共和党大統領候補の時です

(Laughter)

ええ 知っています

You're thinking, "That's not what the Internets say."

（笑）

You're thinking, "Wikipedia doesn't say this fact."

”インターネットを探しても―”

And indeed, this is just one of the examples

”ウィキペディアにも書いていない”

of the junk that flows across the tubes

まあ これは一例なんです

in these Internets here.

いかに大量の情報のゴミが

Wikipedia reports that this guy,

ネットを流れているかのね

this former congressman from Erie, Pennsylvania

ウィキペティアには

was, at the age of 20, one of the youngest people

ペンシルバニアの元下院議員が

at the Republican National Convention,

最年少リーダーと

but it's just not true.

書かれていますが

(Laughter)

それは間違いです

Indeed, it drives me so nuts, let me just change this little fact here.

（笑）

(Laughter)

イヤなので修正しましょう

(Applause)

（笑）

All right. Okay, so ... perfect.

（拍手）

Perfect.

これでよし うん完璧

(Laughter)

完璧だね

Okay, speaker Lawrence Lessig, right.

（笑）

Okay.

ローレンス・レッシグが

Finally, truth will be brought here.

発表と

Okay, see? It's done. It's almost done. Here we go.

正しくなりますよ

"... Youngest Republican," okay, we're finished.

もう少しで終わりです さあ

That's it. Please save this.

”…最年少共和党員” っと

Great, here we go.

これを保存して

And ... Wikipedia is fixed, finally.

さあ どうだ

Okay, but no, this is really besides the point.

これで修正されました

(Applause)

これは これくらいにします

But the thing I want you to think about when we think about conservatives --

（拍手）

not so much this issue of the 1980 convention --

保守主義で考えてほしいのは

the thing to think about is this:

’80年共和党大会ではなく

They go to church.

次のことです

Now, you know, I mean, a lot of people go to church.

人々は教会に行きます

I'm not talking about that only conservatives go to church.

教会に行くのは

And I'm not talking about the God thing.

保守的な人だけではありません

I don't want to get into that, you know; that's not my point.

ここで神の話を

They go to church, by which I mean,

するつもりはありませんよ

they do lots of things for free for each other.

人々は教会に行って

They hold potluck dinners.

無償でいろいろなことをします

Indeed, they sell books about potluck dinners.

持ち寄り夕食会をし

They serve food to poor people.

持ち寄り夕食会の本を売る

They share, they give,

貧しい人へ食事も提供する

they give away for free.

分かちあい 与えます

And it's the very same people

無償で与えるのです

leading Wall Street firms

みな似かよった人達です

who, on Sundays, show up

Wall St.firmsに導かれ

and share.

日曜日ごとにやってきて

And not only food, right.

分かち合う人達です

These very same people

食べ物に限らずね

are strong believers, in lots of contexts,

彼らの共通点は

in the limits on the markets.

市場原理に限界があると

They are in many important places

厚く信仰していることです

against markets.

そして市場原理反対の現場に

Indeed, they, like all of us, celebrate this kind of relationship.

立ち会っています

But they're very keen that we don't

この場のような関係も

let money drop into that relationship,

お金を使わなければ

else it turns into something like this.

大歓迎です

They want to regulate us, those conservatives,

さもなければこんな感じです

to stop us from allowing the market to spread in those places.

保守的な人々は私達を規制し

Because they understand:

市場の拡大を防ぎたいのです

There are places for the market

こうした場の市場性を

and places where the market should not exist,

知りながらも

where we should be free

お金を払わずに

to enjoy the fellowship of others.

交流を楽しむ場であるべきだと

They recognize: Both of these things have to live together.

思っているのです

And the second great thing about conservatives:

有料と無料の共存が必要です

they get ecology.

また保守派の人々は

Right, it was the first great Republican president of the 20th century

エコロジーです

who taught us about

20世紀の共和党大統領で

environmental thinking -- Teddy Roosevelt.

エコロジーを提唱した

They first taught us about ecology

テディ・ルーズベルトです

in the context of natural resources.

天然資源の利用は

And then they began to teach us in the context of

環境に優しいと教えました

innovation, economics.

また経済の観点から

They understand, in that context,

環境を説きました

"free." They understand "free" is an important

彼らは経済的には

essential part of the

お金がかからないことが

cultural ecology as well.

文化環境において

That's the thing I want you to think about them.

重要だと分かっています

Now, I know

そこを考えて欲しいのです

you don't believe me, really, here.

まあ みなさんは

So here's exhibit number one.

私の話を信じないでしょうから

I want to share with you my latest hero, Julian Sanchez,

これを見てください

a libertarian who works at the, for many people,

ジュリアン・サンチェス

"evil" Cato Institute.

悪名高きCato研究所で働く

Okay, so Julian made this video.

自由主義者です

He's a terrible producer of videos,

彼のビデオ技術は

but it's great content, so I'm going to give you a little bit of it.

ひどいものですが

So here he is beginning.

内容はすごいものです

Julian Sanchez: I'm going to make an observation about the way

始まりましたよ

remix culture seems to be evolving ...

ジュリアン：リミックス文化の進化過程を

Larry Lessig: So what he does is he begins to tell us

観察してみましょう

about these three videos.

ラリー・レッシグ：３本のビデオの

This is this fantastic Brat Pack remix

説明をしています

set to Lisztomania.

生意気なガキどものリミックスです

Which, of course, spread virally.

Lisztomaniaを使っている

Hugely successful.

これが一気に広まり

(Music)

大流行しました

And then some people from Brooklyn saw it.

（音楽）

They decided they wanted to do the same.

ブルックリンの誰かが

(Music)

似たものをつくりました

And then, of course, people from San Fransisco saw it.

（音楽）

And San Franciscans thought they had to do the same as well.

次にサンフランシスコで

(Music)

同じように考えました

And so they're beautiful, but this libertarian

（音楽）

has some important lessons he wants us to learn from this.

ジュリアンのこのビデオから

Here's lesson number one.

学んで欲しい事の

JS: There's obviously also something really deeply great about this.

一つ目はこれです

They are acting in the sense that they're

JS:これには深い意味があります

emulating the original mashup.

彼らはオリジナルのマッシュアップの

And the guy who shot it obviously has a strong eye

真似をしています

and some experience with video editing.

本当に目のつけどころがいい

But this is also basically just a group of friends

編集も上手です

having an authentic social moment

そして仲間内でのビデオが

and screwing around together.

周囲を巻き込む

It should feel familiar and kind of resonate

社会的力を持つのです

for anyone who's had a sing-a-long or a dance party

仲間と歌ったり

with a group of good friends.

踊った事がある人なら

LL: Or ...

ビデオに共感できます

JS: So that's importantly different from the earlier videos we looked at

LL：ということは…

because here, remix isn't just about

JS:初期のビデオとは全く違います

an individual doing something alone in his basement;

リミックスは地下室で

it becomes an act of social creativity.

一人でやるのではなく

And it's not just that it yields

社会的創造行為なのです

a different kind of product at the end,

そして最終的には

it's that potentially it changes the way that we relate to each other.

新しいものをつくりながら

All of our normal social interactions

互いの関係を変える行為です

become a kind of invitation

こうしたマッシュアップは

to this sort of collective expression.

日常のやり取りから

It's our real social lives themselves

生まれることもある

that are transmuted into art.

現実の社会的営みが

LL: And so then, what this libertarian draws from these two points ...

アートへと昇華されるのです

JS: One remix is about

LL:彼は２つのポイントを示します

individuals using our shared culture

JS：まずリミックスは

as a kind of language to communicate something to an audience.

仲間に伝える手段として

Stage two, social remix,

個人が共通の文化を使うもの

is really about using it to mediate

ソーシャルリミックスは

people's relationships to each other.

人々の互いの関係を

First, within each video,

取り持つのに使われています

the Brat Pack characters are used as a kind of template

それぞれのビデオでは

for performing the social reality of each group.

一種の典型的な悪ガキが

But there's also a dialogue between the videos,

社会的現実として登場します

where, once the basic structure is established,

そしてビデオを比較する

it becomes a kind of platform

基本的枠組みを決めれば

for articulating the similarities and differences

各グループ内での

between the groups' social and physical worlds.

相違点や類似点がよく分かる

LL: And then, here's for me,

土台になるのです

the critical key to what

LL:いいでしょうか

Julian has to say ...

一番重要なのは

JS: Copyright policy isn't just about

この先です

how to incentivize the production

JS:コピーライト政策とは

of a certain kind of artistic commodity;

芸術品などの生産を

it's about what level of control

どう促進するかだけでなく

we're going to permit to be exercised

現実の社会への管理を

over our social realities --

どの程度まで

social realities that are now inevitably

許容するかです

permeated by pop culture.

現代の社会で主流なのは

I think it's important that we

ポップカルチャーです

keep these two different kinds of public goods in mind.

芸術と大衆文化は

If we're only focused on how to maximize

二つとも守るべき公共物です

the supply of one,

片方だけをたくさん提供する

I think we risk suppressing

方法をとるならば

this different and richer

より優れている

and, in some ways, maybe even more important one.

重要な作品が

LL: Right. Bingo. Point.

公表できない危険があります

Freedom needs this opportunity

LL:そうこれがポイントです

to both have the commercial success

自由が保障されるには

of the great commercial works

優れた商業的作品による

and the opportunity

商業的な成功と

to build this different kind of culture.

異なる文化を築く機会が

And for that to happen, you need

必要なのです

ideas like fair use to be central and protected,

この改革のために

to enable this kind of innovation,

フェアユースの発想が

as this libertarian tells us,

保護されるべきです

between these two creative cultures,

彼が言うように

a commercial and a sharing culture.

商業文化と共有文化という

The point is they, he, here,

2つの創造的文化においてね

gets that culture.

彼が手にしているのが

Now, my concern is, we Dems,

その文化です

too often, not so much.

いっぽうで民主主義者は

All right, take for example this great company.

創造的文化と縁が薄い

In the good old days when this Republican ran that company,

この有名な会社は

their greatest work was work that built on the past, right.

共和党支持者が始めました

All of the great Disney works

よい作品は過去のものです

were works that took works that

全てのディズニー作品は

were in the public domain and remixed them,

著作権フリーの作品や

or waited until they entered the public domain to remix them,

フリーになるのを待って

to celebrate this add-on remix creativity.

リミックスして作ったので

Indeed, Mickey Mouse himself, of course,

見事に創造性が発揮されました

as "Steamboat Willie,"

実際にミッキーマウス

is a remix of the then, very dominant,

"スチームボート・ウィリー"も

very popular "Steamboat Bill"

バスター・キートンによって

by Buster Keaton.

"スチームボート・ビル"にされ

This man was a remixer extraordinaire.

世界中で有名になった

He is the celebration and ideal

彼のリミックスの才能は

of exactly this kind of creativity.

この種の文化には

But then the company passes

賞賛されるべきものです

through this dark stage

しかしディズニーは

to this Democrat.

裏からこっそりと

Wildly different.

民主党に近づいた

This is the mastermind behind

やり方が違います

the eventual passage of what we call

この首謀者が

the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act,

可決させたのが

extending the term of existing copyrights

著作権期間延長法です

by 20 years,

現存する著作権の期間が

so that no one could do to Disney

さらに20年延長されました

what Disney did to the Brothers Grimm.

もうディズニーが

Now, when we tried to challenge this,

グリムにしたことはできません

going to the Supreme Court, getting the Supreme Court, the bunch of conservatives there --

私達はこれに抗議し

if we could get them to wake up to this -- to strike it down,

保守派の巣窟の最高裁に行き

we had the assistance of Nobel Prize winners

法案を阻止しようとしました

including this right-wing

私達が協力を得た人々には

Nobel Prize winner, Milton Friedman,

ノーベル賞受賞者で右派の

who said he would join our brief

ミルトン・フリードマンがいます

only if the word "no brainer"

”考える余地のない”訴訟だけ

was in the brief somewhere.

参加すると

(Laughter)

報告書にありました

But apparently, no brains

(笑)

existed in this place

民主党が法案を

when Democrats passed and signed

通過させたときは

this bill into law.

"考えなし"に

Now, tiny little quibble of a footnote:

署名しました

Sonny Bono, you might say, was a Republican,

補足しておきますが

but I don't buy it.

ソニー・ボノは共和党員だと

This guy is no Republican.

言うかもしれません

Okay, for a second example,

この男は違います

think about this cultural hero,

次の例です

icon on the Left,

このヒーローは

creator of this character.

有名な左派で

Look at the site that he built: "Star Wars" MashUps,

これの創造者です

inviting people to come and use their creative energy

ルーカスはサイトで

to produce a new generation of attention

新しい世代を発掘するため

towards this extraordinarily important cultural icon.

"スター・ウォーズ"の

Read the license.

マッシュアップを募集している

The license for these remixers

許諾を読むと

assigns all of the rights

『リミックス作品は

to the remix back to Lucas.

ジョージ・ルーカスに

The mashup is owned by Lucas.

全て帰属する』とあります

Indeed, anything you add to the mashup,

作品はルーカスの物なのです

music you might add,

マッシュアップで

Lucas has a worldwide perpetual right

加わる音楽も全て

to exploit that for free.

権利者のルーカスが

There is no creator here to be recognized.

タダで利用できます

The creator doesn't have any rights.