it's about people and stories.

これは技術の話ではありません

I could show you

人間の物語です

what recently was on television

最近テレビの

as a high quality video:

「60ミニッツ」という番組で

60 Minutes, many of you may have seen it.

紹介されたビデオを

And it was the now director of the entire piece

ご覧になった方も多いことと思います

of the veteran's administration --

現在 退役軍人組織の

who, himself, had lost an arm 39 years ago

責任者をしている人が出てきます

in Vietnam --

その人自身 39年前

who was adamantly opposed to these crazy devices

ベトナムで片腕を失いました

that don't work.

彼は義肢なんて

And it turns out that with 60 Minutes cameras rolling in the background,

役に立たないと言っていましたが

after he pretty much made his position clear on this --

カメラが回っている間に

he had his hook and he had his --

すっかり意見を変えました

he wore this arm for less than two hours

彼は私たちの義手をつけて

and was able to pour himself a drink and got quite emotional over the fact

2時間もたたないうちに

that, quote -- his quote --

自分で飲み物が注げるようになり

it's the first time he's felt like he's had an arm in 39 years.

とても感動して

But that would sort of be jumping to the middle of the story,

39年ぶりに腕を取り戻したように感じると言いました

and I'm not going to show you that polished video.

少し話が先に飛びすぎたようです

I'm going to, instead, in a minute or two,

これからあるビデオをお見せします

show you an early, crude video

1分ほどの短いものです

because I think it's

以前に撮った粗いホームビデオ映像ですが

a better way to tell a story.

その方が話の内容が

A few years ago I was visited by

よく伝わると思います

the guy that runs DARPA,

数年前に

the people that fund all the advanced technologies

大学や企業が手を出さないような

that businesses and universities probably wouldn't take the risk of doing.

先端技術に投資するDARPA(国防省の研究機関)の

They have a particular interest in ones that will help our soldiers.

責任者が私のところへやって来ました

I get this sort of unrequested -- by me anyway -- visit,

彼らは特に兵士の助けになる技術に関心を持っています

and sitting in my conference room is a very senior surgeon

私はそういう予期せぬ訪問をよく受けます

from the military

会議室で

and the guy that runs DARPA.

年配の軍医と

They proceed to tell me a story which comes down

そのDARPAの責任者が

to basically the following. We have used such advanced technologies

私にこんな話をしました

now and made them available

現在米軍は イラクや

in the most remote places that we put soldiers:

アフガニスタンの山岳地帯のような

hills of Afghanistan, Iraq ...

遠隔地にいる兵士にも

They were quite proud of the fact that

素晴らしい技術を提供していて

you know, before the dust clears,

兵士が負傷したときは

if some soldier has been hurt

爆煙が収まるよりも早く

they will have collected him or her, they will have brought him back,

その兵士を回収し

they will be getting world-class triage emergency care

連れ戻すことができます

faster than you and I would be getting it if we were hurt

私たちがアメリカの大都市で

in a car accident in a major city in the United States.

交通事故に遭った場合よりも素早く

That's the good news.

最先端の緊急医療を兵士は受けることができます

The bad news is if they've collected this person

これは良いニュースですが

and he or she is missing an arm or leg,

救出した兵士が

part of the face, it's probably not coming back.

腕や脚や 顔の一部を失っていた場合

So, they started giving me the statistics on how many of these kids had lost an arm.

おそらくそれを元に戻すことはできません

And then the surgeon pointed out, with a lot of anger,

腕を失った若者がどれほどいるか 彼らは数字を示しました

he said, "Why is it? At the end of the Civil War,

軍医が怒って言いました

they were shooting each other with muskets. If somebody lost an arm,

「南北戦争のときにはマスケット銃で戦い

we gave them a wooden stick with a hook on it.

兵士が腕を失ったら

Now we've got F18s and F22s,

フックのついた木の棒を与えていた

and if somebody loses an arm,

今やF18やF22で戦う時代となったのに

we give them a plastic stick with a hook on it."

腕を失った兵士に 相変わらず

And they basically said, "This is unacceptable,"

フック付のプラスチック棒しか与えられないのはなぜだ？」

and then the punchline: "So, Dean,

そんなのは受け入れがたいと言っていました

we're here because you make medical stuff.

そして「私たちがここにきたのは

You're going to give us an arm."

君に作ってほしいからだ

And I was waiting for the 500 pages of bureaucracy,

どうか義手を作ってくれないか」と言うのです

paperwork and DODs.

それで国防省のお決まりの 500ページに及ぶ

No, the guy says,

お役所的書類が出てくるのかと思っていたら

"We're going to bring a guy into this conference room,

違うと言います

and wearing the arm you're going to give us,

「いや ここに腕を失った兵士を連れてくるから

he or she is going to pick up a raisin or a grape

君が作った義手をつけて

off this table.

ぶどうやレーズンを

If it's the grape, they won't break it."

つまめるようにしてほしい

Great he needs efferent, afferent, haptic response sensors.

ぶどうなら潰さずに」

"If it's the raisin, they won't drop it."

大変だ 遠心性/求心性神経に 触覚センサーが必要になる

So he wants fine motor control: flex at the wrist,

「レーズンも落とさずにつかめるように」

flex at the elbow, abduct and flex at the shoulder.

繊細なモーター制御と 手首や肘の自由度

Either way they were going to eat it.

肩にも自由度と外転機能が必要になる

"Oh, by the way Dean. It's going to fit on a 50th percentile female frame --

「もちろん食べられること

namely 32 inches from the long finger --

義手は標準体型の女性にフィットするように

and weigh less than nine pounds."

指先まで80センチ

50th percentile female frame.

重さは4キロ以下

"And it's going to be completely self contained including all its power."

バッテリーも含めて

So, they finished that. And I, as you can tell,

すべて内部に収まらなきゃいけない」と言われました

am a bashful guy.

彼らが話し終わると

I told them they're nuts.

内気な性格の私はこう言いました

(Laughter)

「あんたら頭どうかしてるよ」

They've been watching too much "Terminator."

（笑）

(Laughter)

「ターミネーターの見すぎだ」

Then, the surgeon says to me,

（笑）

"Dean, you need to know

すると軍医が言いました

more than two dozen of these kids have come back

「両腕を失って戻った若者が

bilateral."

二十人以上いるということを

Now, I cannot imagine --

知っておいてほしい」

I'm sorry, you may have a better

想像できませんでした

imagination than I do --

皆さんは私より

I can't imagine losing my arm,

想像力が優れていることでしょうが

and typically at 22 years old.

22歳の若さで

But compared to that, losing two?

片腕を失うなんて 私には想像できません

Seems like that would be an inconvenience.

しかし両腕を失うことに比べたら

Anyway, I went home that night. I thought about it.

それだって ちょっと不便というに過ぎないでしょう

I literally could not sleep

とにかく その夜は家に帰って考えました

thinking about, "I wonder how you'd roll over

文字通り一睡もできず

with no shoulders."

肩がなかったら いったい

So, I decided we've got to do this.

どうやって寝返りを打つんだろうと考えていました

And trust me, I've got a day job, I've got a lot of day jobs.

それで これはやるべきだと思いました

Most of my day job keeps me busy

すでに日々の仕事がとても忙しく

funding my fantasies like FIRST and water and power ....

FIRSTや浄水器や太陽発電といった

And I've got a lot of day jobs.

自分の夢への投資で

But I figured I gotta do this.

手一杯でした

Did a little investigation,

それでも「これはやらなきゃいけない」と思いました

went down to Washington, told them

私はちょっと調査をして

I still think they're nuts but we're going to do it.

ワシントンに赴き 彼らに伝えました

And I told them I'd build them an arm.

「今でもあんたら頭がどうかしてると思うけど やることにするよ

I told them it would probably take five years to get through the FDA,

腕は作るけど

and probably 10 years to be reasonably functional.

FDAを通すのにたぶん5年はかかるし

Look what it takes to make things like iPods.

十分機能するものができるまで10年はかかる

"Great," he said, "You got two years."

iPodを新たに作るようなものなんだ」

(Laughter)

「素晴らしい 2年でやってくれ」と彼は言いました

I said, "I'll tell you what. I'll build you an arm

（笑）

that's under nine pounds

「すべての機能を備え

that has all that capability in one year.

4キロ以下の腕を作るのに

It will take the other nine to make it functional and useful."

1年はかかる

We sort of agreed to disagree.

それを機能的で有用なものにするのに さらに9年はかかる」

I went back and I started putting a team together,

同意してないことに同意したわけです

the best guys I could find with a passion to do this.

私は会社に戻って チームを作りました

At the end of exactly one year

この実現に情熱を抱く 最高の人材を揃えました

we had a device with 14 degrees of freedom,

そしてちょうど一年後に

all the sensors, all the microprocessors,

14の自由度を持ち

all the stuff inside.

センサーやマイクロプロセッサーをすべて備え

I could show you it with a cosmesis on it

すべてを中に収めた義手を作りました

that's so real it's eerie, but then you wouldn't see

不気味なくらいリアルな

all this cool stuff.

美容をほどこしたものを

I then thought it would be years

お見せしてもいいのですが それだと肝心な部分が見えません

before we'd be able to make it really, really useful.

実用的なものにするには

It turned out, as I think you could see

何年もかかると思っていましたが

in Aimee's capabilities and attitudes,

あの義足のランナー エイミーのように

people with a desire to do something

何かをやろうという意欲があり 能力と覚悟を持った人には

are quite remarkable and nature is quite adaptable.

驚くほどのことができるのです

Anyway, with less than 10 hours of use,

そして自然の適応力は非常に高いということです

two guys -- one that's bilateral.

たった10時間の使用で何ができるようになったのか

He's literally, he's got no shoulder on one side,

2名の男性 うち1人は両腕がなく

and he's high trans-humeral on the other.

片方は肩もなく もう一方も

And that's Chuck and Randy together,

上腕の高い所から先がありません

after 10 hours -- were playing in our office.

チャックとランディの2人に

And we took some pretty cruddy home movies.

10時間ほど我々の元で義手を試してもらいました

At the end of the one I'm going to show, it's only about a minute

低品質のホームビデオで撮った映像を

and a couple of seconds long,

後で皆さんにお見せします

Chuck does something that to this day I'm jealous of,

1分ちょっとの短いものです

I can't do it.

チャックは私がうらやむようなことをします

He picks up a spoon, picks it up,

私には出来ないことです

scoops out some Shredded Wheat and milk,

スプーンを手にとって

holds the spoon level

牛乳をかけたシリアルをすくい

as he translates it, moving all these joints simultaneously,

スプーンを水平に保ったまま

to his mouth, and he doesn't drop any milk.

関節を見事に同時に動かし

(Laughter)

口まで運んだのです ミルクを一滴もこぼすことなく

I cannot do that.

（笑）

(Laughter)

私には無理です

His wife was standing behind me.

（笑）

She's standing behind me at the time

彼の奥さんが

and she says, "Dean,

私の後ろに立っていましたが

Chuck hasn't fed himself in 19 years.

奥さんが言うには「ディーン

So, you've got a choice:

この人は19年間自分では食べられなかった どうかお願いだから

We keep the arm, or you keep Chuck."

私たちに義手をくれるか

(Laughter) (Applause)

さもなければ主人を引き取って」

So, can we see that?

（笑）

This is Chuck showing simultaneous control

皆さん見えますか？

of all the joints.

これがチャックです

He's punching our controls guy. The guy behind him

すべての関節を同時に動かして

is our engineer/surgeon,

うちのスタッフにパンチしています

which is a convenient guy to have around.

奥にいるのは技術者兼外科医で

There's Randy, these guys are passing a rubber

身近にいると便利な人間です

little puck between them.

こちらがランディです　彼らは

And just as in the spirit of FIRST,

小さなゴムのボールを手渡しています

gracious professionalism, they are quite proud of this,

FIRSTの精神にのっとり

so they decide to share a drink.

礼儀正しいプロ意識をもって

This is a non-trivial thing to do, by the way.

互いをたたえ 祝杯をあげています

Imagine doing that with a wooden stick and a hook on the end of it,

これは簡単なことではありません

doing either of those.

どちらかがこれをフックのついた木の棒でやるところを

Now Chuck is doing something quite extraordinary,

想像してみてください

at least for my limited physical skill.

チャックはこれから特別なことをします

And now he's going to do what DARPA asked me for.

少なくとも私の限られた身体能力からすると驚くべきことです

He's going to pick up a grape -- he didn't drop it,

あのDARPAが私に依頼していたことです

he didn't break it --

ブドウをつまんで

and he's going to eat it.

落さず 潰さずに 持ち上げ

So, that's where we were

食べるのです

at the end of about 15 months.

あの日から15カ月の後

(Applause)

私たちはここまで来ました

But, as I've learned from Richard,

（拍手）

the technology, the processors, the sensors, the motors,

しかしリチャードの言ったとおり

is not the story.

技術や プロセッサーや センサーや モーターは

I hadn't dealt with this kind of problem

この話のテーマではありません

or frankly, this whole segment

これまでこのような問題

of the medical world.

医療のこの領域に

I'll give you some astounding things that have happened

かかわったことはありませんでした

as we started this.

私が開発を始めてから これまでに直面した

After we were pretty much convinced we had a good design,

驚くべきことを ご紹介します

and we'd have to make all the standard engineering trade-offs you always make --

私たちはかなり良いデザインができたと感じました

you can always get three out of four of anything you want;

工学上のあらゆるトレードオフを考慮する必要がありました

the weight, the size, the cost, the functionality --

重さ 大きさ コスト 機能

I put a bunch of guys in my plane

同時に実現できるのは4つのうちの3つだけです

and I said, "We're flying down to Walter Reed, and we're going talk to these kids,

私はスタッフを飛行機に乗せて言いました

because frankly it doesn't matter whether we like this arm.

「ウォルターリード陸軍病院へ行くぞ

It doesn't matter whether the

我々がこの義手を気に入るかどうか

Department of Defense likes this arm."

国防省が義手を気に入るかどうかは

When I told them that they weren't entirely enthusiastic,

問題じゃない」

but I told them, "It really doesn't matter what their opinion is.

私がこう言うと彼らはあまりうれしい顔をしませんでしたが

There is only one opinion that matters,

「君たちの意見も実際問題ではない」と言いました

the kids that are either going to use it or not."

「大事なのは 腕を失った若者たちが

I told a bunch of my engineers, "Look we're going to walk into Walter Reed,

この義手を使ってくれるかどうかだ」

and you're going to see people, lots of them,

さらに技術者たちに言いました「ウォルターリードに行ったら

missing major body parts.

体の一部を失った人たちにたくさん会うだろう

They're probably going to be angry, depressed, frustrated.

きっと怒り 塞ぎこみ 不満を抱えているだろう

We're probably going to have to give them support, encouragement.

彼らに支えと励ましを与えなければならないが

But we've got to extract from them

我々はどうあっても 正しい方向に進んでいることを

enough information to make sure we're doing the right thing."

確認するに十分な情報を

We walked into Walter Reed and I could not have been more wrong.

彼らから引き出す必要がある」

We did see a bunch of people,

ウォルターリードに着いて 私はこれ以上ないくらい間違っていたことがわかりました

a lot of them missing a lot of body parts,

ものすごくたくさんの

and parts they had left were burned;

体の一部を失った人々を見ました

half a face gone, an ear burned off.

残った部分も火傷を負っていて

They were sitting at a table. They were brought together for us.

顔の半分が欠け 耳が焼け落ちていました

And we started asking them all questions.

彼らはテーブルに集められていました

"Look," I'd say to them, "We're not quite as good as nature yet.

私たちは彼らに質問しはじめました

I could give you fine motor control,

「私たちはまだ自然には及びません

or I could let you curl 40 pounds;

繊細なモーター制御をできるようにも

I probably can't do both.

20キロ持ち上げられるようにもできますが

I can give you fast control

両方同時にはできません

with low reduction ratios in these gears,

ギア減速比を下げ 速く動くようにするか

or I can give you power;

パワーを大きくすることはできますが

I can't give you both.

両方はできないんです」

And we were trying to get them to all help us

と言いました

know what to give them.

彼らに何を作ってあげたらいいのか

Not only were they enthusiastic, they kept thinking

聞き出そうとしていたのですが

they're there to help us.

彼らは熱心に協力したばかりか

"Well, would it help if I ..."

助けるのが自分の役目と思っていました

"Guys, and woman,

「ねぇ こうしたら役に立ちますか？」

you've given enough.

私は言いました「君たちは

We're here to help you. We need data. We need to know

もう十分やってくれた

what you need."

我々は君たちを助けるために来た

After a half an hour, maybe, there was one guy at the far end of the table