our extensive look at American capitalism. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, I’m sorry are you

saying that I grow up to be a tool of the bourgeoisie…

Oh not just a tool of the bourgeoise, Me from the Past, but a card-carrying member of it.

I mean, you have employees whose labor you can exploit because you own the means of production,

which in your case includes a chalkboard, a video camera, a desk, and a xenophobic globe.

Meanwhile Stan, Danica, Raoul, and Meredith toil in crushing poverty--STAN, DID YOU WRITE

THIS PART? THESE ARE ALL LIES. CUE THE INTRO. intro

So, last week we saw how commercial farming transformed the American west and gave us

mythical cowboys and unfortunately not-so-mythical Indian reservations. Today we leave the sticks

and head for the cities--as so many Americans and immigrants have done throughout this nation’s

history. I mean we may like to imagine that the history

of America is all “Go west young man,” but in fact from Mark Twain to pretty much

every hipster in Brooklyn, it’s the opposite. So, population was growing everywhere in America

after 1850. Following a major economic downturn in the 1890s, farm prices made a comeback,

and that drew more and more people out west to take part in what would eventually be called

agriculture’s golden age. Although to be fair agriculture’s real golden

age was in like 3000 BCE when Mesopotamians were like, “Dude, if we planted these in

rows, we could have MORE OF IT THAN WE CAN EAT.”

So it was really more of a second golden age. But anyway, more than a million land claims

were filed under the Homestead Act in the 1890s. And between 1900 and 1910 the populations

of Texas and Oklahoma together increased by almost 2 million people.

And another 800,000 moved into Kansas, the Dakotas, and Nebraska. That’s right. People

moved to Nebraska. Sorry, I just hadn’t yet offended Nebraskans.

I’m looking to get through the list before the end of the year.

But one of the central reasons that so many people moved out west was that the demand

for agricultural products was increasing due to … the growth of cities.

In 1880, 20% of the American population lived in cities and there were 12 cities with a

population over 100,000 people. This rose to 18 cities in 1900 with the percentage of

urban dwellers rising to 38%. And by 1920, 68% of Americans lived in cities

and 26 cities had a population over 100,000. So in the 40 years around the turn of the

20th century, America became the world’s largest industrial power and went from being

predominantly rural to largely urban. This is, to use a technical historian term, a really

big deal. Because it didn’t just make cities possible,

but also their products. It’s no coincidence that while all this was happening, we were

getting cool stuff like electric lights and moving picture cameras. Neither of which were

invented by Thomas Edison. I don’t know if you’ve noticed, but suddenly

there are a lot more photographs in Crash Course U.S. History b-roll.

So the city leading the way in this urban growth was New York, especially after Manhattan

was consolidated with Brooklyn (and the Bronx, Queens and Staten Island) in 1898.

At the turn of the century, the population of the 23 square miles of Manhattan Island

was over 2 million and the combined 5 boroughs had a population over 4 million.

But, while New York gets most of the attention in this time period, and all time periods

since, it wasn’t alone in experiencing massive growth. Like, my old hometown of Chicago,

after basically burning to the ground in 1871, became the second largest city in America

by the 1890s. Also, they reversed the flow of the freaking

Chicago River. Probably the second most impressive feat in Chicago at the time. The first being

that the Cubs won two World Series. Even though I’m sorely tempted to chalk

up the growth of these metropolises to a combination of better nutrition and a rise in skoodilypooping,

I’m going to have to bow to stupid historical accuracy and tell you that much of the growth

had to do with the phenomenon that this period is most known for: immigration.

Of course, by the end of the 19th century, immigration was not a new phenomenon in the

United States. After the first wave of colonization by English people, and Spanish people, and

other Europeans, there was a new wave of Scandinavians, French people, and especially the Irish.

Most of you probably know about the potato famine of the 1840s that led a million Irish

men and women to flee. If you don’t know about it, it was awful.

And the second largest wave of immigrants was made up of German speakers, including

a number of liberals who left after the abortive revolutions of 1848. Alright, let’s go to

the ThoughtBubble. The Irish had primarily been farmers in the

motherland, but in America, they tended to stay in cities, like New York and Boston.

Most of the men began their working lives as low-wage unskilled laborers, but over time

they came to have much more varied job opportunities. Irish immigrant women worked too, some in

factories or as domestic servants in the homes of the growing upper class.

Many women actually preferred the freedom that factory labor provided and one Irish

factory woman compared her life to that of a servant by saying:

“Our day is ten hours long, but when it’s done, it’s done, and we can do what we like

with the evenings. That’s what I’ve heard from every nice girl that’s tried service.

You’re never sure that your soul is your own except when you’re out of the house.”

[1] Most German speakers had been farmers in their

home countries and would remain farmers in the U.S., but a number of skilled artisans

also came. They tended to stay in cities and make a go of entrepreneurship. Bismarck himself

saw emigration from Germany as a good thing saying, “The better it goes for us, the

higher the volume of emigration.”[2] And that’s why we named a city in North

Dakota after him. Although enough German immigrants came to New York that the lower east side

of Manhattan came to be known for a time as Kleindeutschland (little Germany), many moved

to the growing cities of the Midwest like Cincinnati and St. Louis. Some of the most

famous German immigrants became brewers, and America is much richer for the arrival of

men like Frederick Pabst, Joseph Schlitz, and Adolphus Busch. And by richer, I mean

more drunker. Hey. Thanks for not ending on a downer, Thought

Bubble. I mean, unless you count alcoholism. So but by the 1890s, over half of the 3.5

million immigrants who came to our shores came from southern and eastern Europe, in

particular Italy and the Russian and Austro Hungarian empires.

They were more likely than previous immigrants to be Jewish or Catholic, and while almost

all of them were looking for work, many were also escaping political or religious persecution.

And by the 1890s they also had to face new “scientific” theories, which I’m putting

in air quotes to be clear because there was nothing scientific about them, which consigned

them to different “races” whose low level of civilization was fit only for certain kinds

of work and predisposed them to criminality. The Immigration Restriction League was founded

in Boston in 1894 and lobbied for national legislation that would limit the numbers of

immigrants, and one such law even passed Congress in 1897 only to be vetoed by President Grover

Cleveland. Good work, Grover! You know, his first name

was Stephen, but he called himself Grover. I would have made a different choice.

But before you get too excited about Grover Cleveland, Congress and the President were

able to agree on one group of immigrants to discriminate against: the Chinese.

Chinese immigrants, overwhelmingly male, had been coming to the United States, mostly to

the West, since the 1850s to work in mines and on the railroads. They were viewed with

suspicion because they looked different, spoke a different language, and they had “strange”

habits, like regular bathing. By the time the Chinese Exclusion Act went

into effect in 1882 there were 105,000 people of Chinese descent living in the United States,

mainly in cities on the West Coast. San Francisco refused to educate Asians until the state

Supreme Court ordered them to do so and even then the city responded by setting up segregated

schools. The immigrants fought back through the courts.

In 1886, in the case of Yick Wo v. Hopkins the United States Supreme court ordered San

Francisco to grant Chinese-operated laundries licenses to operate.

Then in 1898 in United States v. Wong Kim Ark, the Court ruled that American born children

of Chinese immigrants were entitled to citizenship under the 14th Amendment, which should have

been a duh but wasn’t. We’ve been hard on the Supreme Court here

at Crash Course, but those were two good decisions. You go, Supreme Court!

But despite these victories Asian immigrants continued to face discrimination in the form

of vigilante-led riots like the one in Rock Springs, Wyoming that killed 26 people, and

congressionally approved restrictions, many of which the Supreme Court did uphold, so

meh. Also it’s important to remember that this

large-scale immigration--and the fear of it--was part of a global phenomenon.

At its peak between 1901 and the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914, 13 million immigrants

came to the United States. In the entire period touched off by the industrialization from

1840 until 1914, a total of 40 million people came to the U.S.

But at least 20 million people emigrated to other parts of the Western Hemisphere, including

Brazil, the Caribbean, Canada (yes, Canada) and Argentina.

As much as we have Italian immigrants to thank for things like pizza (and we do thank you),

Argentina can be just as grateful for the immigrant ancestors of Leo Messi.

Also the Pope, although he has never once won La Liga.

And there was also extensive immigration from India to other parts of the British Empire

like South Africa; Chinese immigration to South America and the Caribbean; I mean, the

list goes on and on. In short, America is not as special as it fancies itself.

Oh it’s time for the Mystery Document? The rules are simple.

I guess the author of the Mystery Document. I get it wrong and then I get shocked with

the shock pen. Sorry I don’t mean to sound defeatist, but

I don’t have a good feeling about this. Alright.

“The figure that challenged attention to the group was the tall, straight, father,

with his earnest face and fine forehead, nervous hands eloquent in gesture, and a voice full

of feeling. This foreigner, who brought his children to school as if it were an act of

consecration, who regarded the teacher of the primer class with reverence, who spoke

of visions, like a man inspired, in a common classroom...I think Miss Nixon guessed what

my father’s best English could not convey. I think she divined that by the simple act

of delivering our school certificates to her he took possession of America.”[3]

Uhh, I don’t know. At first I thought it might be someone who worked with immigrants,

like Jane Addams, but then at the end suddenly it’s her own father. Jane Addams’s father

was not an immigrant. Mary Antin? Does she even have a Wikipedia

page?! She does? Did you write it, Stan? Stan wrote her Wikipedia page. AH.

So, this document, while it was written by someone who should not have a Wikipedia page,

points out that most immigrants to America were coming for the most obvious reason: opportunity.

Industrialization, both in manufacturing and agriculture, meant that there were jobs in

America. There was so much work, in fact, that companies used labor recruiters who went

to Europe to advertise opportunities. Plus, the passage was relatively cheap, provided

you were only going to make it once in your life, and it was fast, taking only 8 to 12

days on the new steam powered ships. The Lower East Side of Manhattan became the

magnet for waves of immigrants, first Germans then Eastern European Jews and Italians, who

tended to re-create towns and neighborhoods within blocks and sometimes single buildings.

Tenements, these 4, 5 and 6 story buildings that were designed to be apartments, sprang

up in the second half of the 19th century and the earliest ones were so unsanitary and

crowded that the city passed laws requiring a minimum of light and ventilation.

And often these tenement apartments doubled as workspaces because many immigrant women

and children took in piecework, especially in the garment industry.

Despite laws mandating the occasional window and outlawing the presence of cows on public

streets, conditions in these cities were pretty bad.

Things got better with the construction of elevated railroads and later subways that

helped relieve traffic congestion but they created a new problem: pickpockets.

“Pickpockets take advantage of the confusion to ply their vocation… The foul, close,

heated air is poisonous. A healthy person cannot ride a dozen blocks without a headache.”

So that’s changed!

This new transportation technology also enabled a greater degree of residential segregation

in cities. Manhattan’s downtown area had at one time housed the very rich as well as

the very poor but improved transportation meant that people no longer had to live and

work in the same place.

The wealthiest, like Cornelius Vanderbilt and J.P. Morgan, constructed lavish palaces

for themselves and uptown townhouses were common.[4][5]

But until then, one of the most notable feature of gilded age cities like New York was that

the rich and the poor lived in such close proximity to each other.

And this meant that with America’s growing urbanization, the growing distance between

rich and poor was visible to both rich and poor.

And much as we see in today’s megacity, this inability to look away from poverty and

economic inequality became a source of concern.

Now one way to alleviate concern is to create suburbs so you don’t have to look at poor

people, but another response to urban problems was politics, which in cities like New York,

became something of a contact sport.

Another response was the so-called progressive reform movement. And in all these responses

and in the issues that prompted them – urbanization, mechanization, capitalism, the distribution

of resources throughout the social order -- we can see modern industrial America taking shape.

And that is the America we live in today. Thank you for watching. I’ll see you next

week.

Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. The script supervisor is Meredith

Danko. The show is written by my history teacher, Raoul Meyer, Rosianna Halse Rojas, and myself.