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  • Now let's move on to meter, as promised.

  • As you might imagine, this is closely

  • related to poetic meter or rhythmic grouping.

  • Music is most often organized into groups of two, three, or four beats per bar.

  • We use bar lines to indicate bar boundaries and to make reading easier.

  • Less standard groupings, or meters, would be five, seven,

  • eight, ten, or in fact, any number of beats.

  • So any grouping is possible, but two, three

  • and four beats per bar are the most common.

  • These bars then represent the meter, so when we speak of duple

  • meter, typical of marches for example, we mean two beats per bar.

  • Triple meter, typical of waltzes, would be three beats per bar.

  • Quadruple meter, or four beats per bar, would be the four-four

  • that's most common in western classical music or electronic dance music.

  • In fact it's so common that it's called common time.

  • Generally, we're talking about crotchets or

  • quarter note beats here, though it's possible

  • to have the beat be minims or quavers, or any basic rhythmic duration.

  • So though four-four, four crotchets per bar, is most common, it's possible

  • to have quadruple meter with eighth notes or minims as the basic beat.

  • The way we indicate meter is with a time signature.

  • This consists of two numbers: a numerator on top, and

  • the denominator on the bottom as with fractions in arithmetic.

  • The numerator tells us how many beats there are

  • per bar, and the denominator indicates the beat type.

  • So four-four means four quarter notes or crotchets per bar,

  • whereas three-eighth means three quaver or eighth notes per bar.

  • Now, each of these bars has, or tends to have, weak or strong beats.

  • In Western classical music, we tend to favor

  • the down beats, or odd beats, in general.

  • If you have a four-four bar, that is a quadruple

  • meter, the accent would generally be on beats one and three.

  • So, for instance, if we listen to Mozart's Eine kleine

  • Nachtmusik, you can see quite clearly and hear these accents.

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  • Some pop and jazz music on the other hand, tends to favor the off or even beats.

  • In a four-four bar this would be beats two and four.

  • And this gives it the characteristic rhythmic feel we associate with this type

  • of music, very often with a strong snare drum stroke on those off beats.

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  • It doesn't stop there, I'm afraid.

  • In Western notation, we speak of two basic types of meter: simple and compound.

  • Simple meters are those that divide into beats of two, four, eight, ect.

  • So when we look at a simple four-four bar, we

  • tend to subdivide that into eighth notes, sixteenth notes, etc.

  • That is, groups of two, four, eight, powers of two.

  • Compound meters, on the other hand, use dotted rhythms as their

  • basic beat, so it is very easy to subdivide into three.

  • The most common compound meter would be a six-eight bar.

  • This clearly does have six quavers or eight notes per bar.

  • But instead of being felt as six beats per bar, it's felt as

  • two dotted crotchet, or dotted quarter notes per bar, each subdivided into three.

  • This allows us in this case to avoid having to write tuplets all the time,

  • or triplets, because essentially the equivalent would be

  • a triplet eighth note in a two-four bar.

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B1 中級

講義3.4 - メーター (Coursera - 音楽理論の基礎19) (Lecture 3.4 - Meter (Coursera - Fundamentals of Music Theory 19))

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    songwen8778 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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