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  • A false dilemma is a type of informal fallacy that involves a situation in which only limited

  • alternatives are considered, when in fact there is at least one additional option. The

  • opposite of this fallacy is argument to moderation. The options may be a position that is between

  • two extremes or may be completely different alternatives. Phrasing that implies two options

  • may be replaced with other number-based nouns, such as a "false trilemma" if something is

  • reduced to only three options, instead of two.

  • False dilemma can arise intentionally, when fallacy is used in an attempt to force a choice.

  • This fallacy also can arise simply by accidental omission of additional options rather than

  • by deliberate deception. Some philosophers and scholars believe that

  • "unless a distinction can be made rigorous and precise it isn't really a distinction."

  • An exception is analytic philosopher John Searle, who called it an incorrect assumption

  • that produces false dichotomies. Searle insists that "it is a condition of the adequacy of

  • a precise theory of an indeterminate phenomenon that it should precisely characterize that

  • phenomenon as indeterminate; and a distinction is no less a distinction for allowing for

  • a family of related, marginal, diverging cases." Similarly, when two options are presented,

  • they often are, although not always, two extreme points on some spectrum of possibilities;

  • this may lend credence to the larger argument by giving the impression that the options

  • are mutually exclusive of each other, even though they need not be. Furthermore, the

  • options in false dichotomies typically are presented as being collectively exhaustive,

  • in which case the fallacy may be overcome, or at least weakened, by considering other

  • possibilities, or perhaps by considering a whole spectrum of possibilities, as in fuzzy

  • logic.

  • Examples Morton's fork

  • Morton's fork, a choice between two equally unpleasant options, is often a false dilemma.

  • The phrase originates from an argument for taxing English nobles:

  • "Either the nobles of this country appear wealthy, in which case they can be taxed for

  • good; or they appear poor, in which case they are living frugally and must have immense

  • savings, which can be taxed for good." This is a false dilemma and a Catch-22, because

  • it fails to allow for the possibility that some members of the nobility may in fact lack

  • liquid assets, as well as the possibility that those who appear poor, may be poor.

  • False choice The presentation of a false choice often reflects

  • a deliberate attempt to eliminate several options that may occupy the middle ground

  • on an issue. A common argument against noise pollution laws involves a false choice. It

  • might be argued that in New York City noise should not be regulated, because if it were,

  • the city would drastically change in a negative way. This argument assumes that, for example,

  • a bar must be shut down to prevent disturbing levels of noise emanating from it after midnight.

  • This ignores the fact that the bar could simply lower its noise levels, or install soundproofing

  • structural elements to keep the noise from excessively transmitting onto others' properties.

  • Black-and-white thinking

  • In psychology, a phenomenon related to the false dilemma is black-and-white thinking.

  • Many people routinely engage in black-and-white thinking, an example of which is someone who

  • categorizes other people as all good or all bad.

  • See also

  • References

  • External links The Black-or-White Fallacy entry in The Fallacy

  • Files

A false dilemma is a type of informal fallacy that involves a situation in which only limited

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偽りのジレンマ (False dilemma)

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