Name: ジョン・カルビン (John Calvin)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:30:01.000Z
Duration: 1 h 6 min 7 s
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John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation.

He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later

called Calvinism. Originally trained as a humanist lawyer, he broke from the Roman Catholic

Church around 1530. After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Protestants

in France, Calvin fled to Basel, Switzerland, where he published the first edition of his

seminal work Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536.

In that year, Calvin was recruited by William Farel to help reform the church in Geneva.

The city council resisted the implementation of Calvin's and Farel's ideas, and both men

were expelled. At the invitation of Martin Bucer, Calvin proceeded to Strasbourg, where

he became the minister of a church of French refugees. He continued to support the reform

movement in Geneva, and was eventually invited back to lead its church.

Following his return, Calvin introduced new forms of church government and liturgy, despite

the opposition of several powerful families in the city who tried to curb his authority.

During this period, Michael Servetus, a Spaniard regarded by both Catholics and Protestants

as having heretical views, arrived in Geneva. He was denounced by Calvin and executed by

the city council. Following an influx of supportive refugees and new elections to the city council,

Calvin's opponents were forced out. Calvin spent his final years promoting the Reformation

both in Geneva and throughout Europe. Calvin was a tireless polemic and apologetic

writer who generated much controversy. He also exchanged cordial and supportive letters

with many reformers, including Philipp Melanchthon and Heinrich Bullinger. In addition to the

Institutes, he wrote commentaries on most books of the Bible, as well as theological

treatises and confessional documents. He regularly preached sermons throughout the week in Geneva.

Calvin was influenced by the Augustinian tradition, which led him to expound the doctrine of predestination

and the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation.

Calvin's writing and preachings provided the seeds for the branch of theology that bears

his name. The Reformed, Congregational, and Presbyterian churches, which look to Calvin

as the chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world.

John Calvin was born as Jehan Cauvin on 10 July 1509, in the town of Noyon in the Picardy

region of France. He was the first of four sons who survived infancy. His father, Gérard

Cauvin, had a prosperous career as the cathedral notary and registrar to the ecclesiastical

court. He died in his later years, after suffering two years with testicular cancer. His mother,

Jeanne le Franc, was the daughter of an innkeeper from Cambrai. She died a few years after Calvin's

birth from an unknown cause. Gérard intended his three sons—Charles, Jean, and Antoine—for

the priesthood. Jean was particularly precocious; by age 12,

he was employed by the bishop as a clerk and received the tonsure, cutting his hair to

symbolise his dedication to the Church. He also won the patronage of an influential family,

the Montmors. Through their assistance, Calvin was able to attend the Collège de la Marche,

in Paris, where he learned Latin from one of its greatest teachers, Mathurin Cordier.

Once he completed the course, he entered the Collège de Montaigu as a philosophy student.

In 1525 or 1526, Gérard withdrew his son from the Collège de Montaigu and enrolled

him in the University of Orléans to study law. According to contemporary biographers

Theodore Beza and Nicolas Colladon, Gérard believed his son would earn more money as

a lawyer than as a priest. After a few years of quiet study, Calvin entered the University

of Bourges in 1529. He was intrigued by Andreas Alciati, a humanist lawyer. Humanism was a

European intellectual movement which stressed classical studies. During his 18-month stay

in Bourges, Calvin learned Koine Greek, a necessity for studying the New Testament.

During the autumn of 1533 Calvin experienced a religious conversion. In later life, John

Calvin wrote two accounts of his conversion that differ in significant ways. In the first

account he portrays his conversion as a sudden change of mind, brought about by God. This

account can be found in his Commentary on the Book of Psalms:

In his second account he speaks of a long process of inner turmoil, followed by spiritual

and psychological anguish. "Being exceedingly alarmed at the misery into

which I had fallen, and much more at that which threatened me in view of eternal death,

I, duty bound, made it my first business to betake myself to your way, condemning my past

life, not without groans and tears. And now, O Lord, what remains to a wretch like me,

but instead of defence, earnestly to supplicate you not to judge that fearful abandonment

of your Word according to its deserts, from which in your wondrous goodness you have at

last delivered me." Scholars have argued about the precise interpretation

of these accounts, but it is agreed that his conversion corresponded with his break from

the Roman Catholic Church. The Calvin biographer, Bruce Gordon, has stressed that "the two accounts

are not antithetical, revealing some inconsistency in Calvin's memory, but rather [are] two different

ways of expressing the same reality." By 1532, Calvin received his licentiate in

law and published his first book, a commentary on Seneca's De Clementia. After uneventful

trips to Orléans and his hometown of Noyon, Calvin returned to Paris in October 1533.

During this time, tensions rose at the Collège Royal between the humanists/reformers and

the conservative senior faculty members. One of the reformers, Nicolas Cop, was rector

of the university. On 1 November 1533 he devoted his inaugural address to the need for reform

and renewal in the Catholic Church. The address provoked a strong reaction from

the faculty, who denounced it as heretical, forcing Cop to flee to Basel. Calvin, a close

friend of Cop, was implicated in the offence, and for the next year he was forced into hiding.

He remained on the move, sheltering with his friend Louis du Tillet in Angoulême and taking

refuge in Noyon and Orléans. He was finally forced to flee France during the Affair of

the Placards in mid-October 1534. In that incident, unknown reformers had posted placards

in various cities attacking the Catholic mass, which provoked a violent backlash against

Protestants. In January 1535, Calvin joined Cop in Basel, a city under the influence of

the reformer Johannes Oecolampadius. Reform work commences

In March 1536, Calvin published the first edition of his Institutio Christianae Religionis

or Institutes of the Christian Religion. The work was an apologia or defense of his faith

and a statement of the doctrinal position of the reformers. He also intended it to serve

as an elementary instruction book for anyone interested in the Christian religion. The

book was the first expression of his theology. Calvin updated the work and published new

editions throughout his life. Shortly after its publication, he left Basel for Ferrara,

Italy, where he briefly served as secretary to Princess Renée of France. By June he was

back in Paris with his brother Antoine, who was resolving their father's affairs. Following

the Edict of Coucy, which gave a limited six-month period for heretics to reconcile with the

Catholic faith, Calvin decided that there was no future for him in France. In August

he set off for Strasbourg, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire and a refuge

for reformers. Due to military manoeuvres of imperial and French forces, he was forced

to make a detour to the south, bringing him to Geneva.

Calvin had only intended to stay a single night, but William Farel, a fellow French

reformer residing in the city, implored a most reluctant Calvin to stay and assist him

in his work of reforming the church there – it was his duty before God, Farel insisted.

Yet Calvin, for his part, desired only peace and privacy. But it was not to be; Farel's

entreaties prevailed, but not before his having had recourse to the sternest imprecations.

Calvin recalls the rather intense encounter:

Then Farel, who was working with incredible zeal to promote the gospel, bent all his efforts

to keep me in the city. And when he realized that I was determined to study in privacy

in some obscure place, and saw that he gained nothing by entreaty, he descended to cursing,

and said that God would surely curse my peace if I held back from giving help at a time