between "in the last year" versus "last year". We will also cover "in the last week" versus

"last week", "in the last month" against "last month". Okay? So we'll talk about some of

these differences. So let's get started.

So I have two sentences here. The first sentence. "Last year, I went to China." The second sentence.

"In the last year, I've been to China twice." So what are some of the differences you notice

between these two sentences? Maybe one of the first things you noticed is the difference

between the verb tense. "Went" is an example of the simple past tense or the past simple

whereas "I've been" is an example of present perfect. Okay? So one difference between "in

the last year" -- also "in the last month; in the last week; etc." -- versus "last month'

last week; etc.", is with "last year; last month", you use the simple past. Whereas with

"in the last year", you use the present perfect. Okay.

What other things do you notice? You may notice the word "twice". A difference between "in

the last year; in the last week; in the last minute", is we're often talking about how

many times we've done an action. "In the last minute, I have said 'past simple' -- I don't

know -- four times? In the last second -- well, in the last 30 seconds, I've smiled a lot.

In the last month, I have gone on the Internet hundreds of times." So we're often talking

about how many times we do something. "In the last five days, I've eaten pizza one time."

Okay? Or once. Okay? So we usually have a number with "in the last". Whereas with "last

year", we don't have that number.

Another difference is -- and I'll explain this using my diagrams down here. When I'm

talking about "last year", I'm talking about -- right now, it's 2013. I'm talking about

2012. And how does that look on a timeline? Here is now; here is 2010, 2011, 2012. Notice

what's emphasized is it's a moment in time. Okay? Whereas -- here's my second diagram.

This would represent "in the last year". So now, maybe today is August 8, 2013. When I'm

talking about "in the last year", I'm really emphasizing this whole period of time. Okay?

So it's not really talking about a moment in time. You're emphasizing the length of

time. So you'll have days, so many days. They're out here. So it's not just one point; it's

a whole bunch of points. So the focus is a bit different. Same with if I'm talking about

"last week". You're really emphasizing how many days of the week there are, whereas if

I say "last week", it's really a moment in time. So now, let's look at some more examples

of "in the last week, month, minute" versus "last".

Before we get to these examples, there's one other thing I should tell you about "in the

last week; in the last month; in the last year" versus "last week; last month; last

year". And that is "last week; last month; last year" happened in the past. Okay? So

it's done. Past. Finished. "In the last week; in the last month" is about an action that

started in the past but is going all the way up to this present moment. Okay? So it's something

that started in the past, continued to now. So that's another difference. One of them

is totally in the past, whereas "in the last year" started in the past but continued to

now. Okay? So let's look at a couple examples.

The first one. "In the last week, my friend has been on four dates." So again, we have

present perfect. This is true, by the way. My friend Claire has been on four dates in

the last week. She's looking for love. So we use the present perfect. And this started

exactly a week ago and continued up until today, okay?

Another thing you might notice is oftentimes, we have numbers when we're using "in the last".

"In the last year -- in the last week, she's been on four dates." So you hear a number.

My second example. "Last week, my friend went on four dates." I can also use a number, but

we're using the past tense. And the reason is because pretty much last week does not

continue to today. It's finished. It's over. It ended. So, "Last week, my friend went on

four dates." Because of "last week", I would use "went".

Let's look at -- let's do some examples together. So we have the blank. Do you think this is

"last year" or "in the last year"? "Blank, I have been to the movies twice." "Last year"

or "in the last year"? This sentence would be "in the last year", okay? Let me write

that down. In the last year. Why is it "in the last year"? Well, we see our clue. Present

perfect. Okay? And again, we see another clue. Oftentimes, we're dealing with numbers. "How

many times do you do this? I did it twice. "

No. 4, "I bought a car." Do you think this is -- let's do "month". "Last month I bought

a car" or, "In the last month, I bought a car"? In this case, it would be "in the last"

-- not "in the last". What am I saying? "Last month. Last month I bought a car." How do

I know? We're using the simple present. Okay? So, "Last month, I bought a car."

Okay, so I would like to invite you to come and practice more of these types of questions

-- "in the last year", "last year", "in the last five minutes", "last week". So come visit

our website at www.engvid.com. Also, for more videos about various English topics from grammar,

pronunciation, to vocabulary, come to YouTube and subscribe to my channel. Until next time.