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  • 99 of all internet traffic from this  video to your pokemon go account to  

  • your family whatsapp group runs on a hidden  network of undersea cables why should you  

  • care because modern life is increasingly  dependent on those slinky subaquatic wires  

  • and they get attacked by sharks from time to  time how do they work what's the future for them  

  • join us today as we plunge the depths and  ask how the internet travels across oceans  

  • according to the authoritative submarine cable  map website there are currently 493 active or  

  • actively under construction sub-sea internet  cables criss-crossing the globe these range from  

  • the relatively modest 300 kilometer azerbaijan  to turkmenistan wire running under the black sea  

  • to the absolutely gargantuan 6600 kilometer  maria cable linking virginia beach in the us  

  • with bill bow in northern spain maria weighs  the same as 24 blue whales apparently the  

  • firm's laying down this serpentine superhighway  worldwide there's now 1.5 million kilometers of  

  • undersea data wires arcadey about how much it  all costs but professional estimates indicate  

  • a typical transoceanic cable should set you  back between three and four hundred millions of  

  • dollars which seems like a lot because they're not  especially thick typically around the girth of a  

  • garden hose and that includes layers of protective  thixotropic jelly around the all-important fiber  

  • optic core plus multiple plastic sheaths and  copper wiring to power the thing but even so  

  • on average they can ferry an awesome 100  gigabytes per second in data with newer and  

  • forthcoming cables able to transmit 400 gigabytes  per second so how does so much data fit down such  

  • slim channels part of the answer is an extremely  sophisticated data wrangling technique known as  

  • dense wavelength division multiplexing put simply  dense wavelength division multiplexing lets data  

  • providers use more than one wavelength of light  to convey information fibre optically instead  

  • several wavelengths are employed simultaneously  and stacked creating astonishing data speeds this  

  • happens at buzzing data center-like landing sites  at either end of the cable are the cables just  

  • straight forward long wires not quite every 70  to 100 kilometers or so along the seabed cables  

  • are punctuated with so-called repeaters these  essentially serve as amplifiers keeping the signal  

  • strength up to par over long distances that's  why the cables incorporate copper conductors  

  • by the way carrying up to 10 000 volts of dc  to power the repeaters how are the cables late  

  • they're first coiled into vast cylindrical drums  on specialized cable laying ships as much as a  

  • year's planning and charting will go into plotting  the perfect trans-oceanic route bad locations  

  • for undersea cables include anywhere volcanic or  anywhere especially earthquake or mudslide prone  

  • or anywhere heavily trolled by fishermen the  cable is spooled out the back of the ship at a  

  • sedate pace of around 10 kilometers an hour if the  ship encounters bad weather the captain can decide  

  • whether to break off the cord tie it to a boy and  retreat to karma waters when the storm passes the  

  • ship returns to the boy and picks up where it left  off accidents and outages on the cables can and do  

  • occur in 2012 hurricane sandy in the u.s knocked  out several key transatlantic cables disrupting  

  • networks for hours in 2011 the fukushima  earthquake in japan caused similar online  

  • the vast majority of such disruptions however  are the result of human carelessness typically  

  • trawler nets or wayward ships anchors cables  situated close to the shore are significantly  

  • more at risk from such disruption as such the  nearer to lander cable is the more likely it'll  

  • be carefully armor-plated many are even dug  into the seabed in long dedicated trenches  

  • carved out using ship-drawn plows awesomely sharks  have been spotted nibbling on one of google's  

  • subsea cables get your teeth into this 2014 clip  more sinister even than that the us government  

  • has consistently warned of interference in the  cables from hostile foreign powers like russia  

  • or china the us government should know all about  that whistleblower edward snowden revealed in 2013  

  • how the nsa had no qualms eavesdropping on fiber  optic communications the geopolitical implications  

  • of undersea cables are also fascinating last year  the australian government intervened to prevent  

  • chinese technology giant huawei from installing  a cable connecting australia with the solomon  

  • islands the fear is that china could use the link  to gain access to australia's sensitive internal  

  • networks so who actually owns these cables that's  an interesting question it's an expensive business  

  • so historically nations or quasi national telecom  providers have picked up the bill the world's  

  • biggest owner of cables remains america's a t with  a stake in some 230 000 kilometers of undersea  

  • cable the second biggest owner is china telecom  frequently cables are owned by groups or consortia  

  • of up to 50 separate owners including tech firms  local government agencies and other businesses  

  • and while this model helps spread the initial  cost it's less helpful when something goes wrong  

  • and nobody can agree who has to put on a wetsuit  and do something about it increasingly big tech  

  • is recognizing its scope for growth is limited  by the undersea cable network so over the past  

  • few years the overwhelming majority of investment  in undersea cable infrastructure has come from  

  • companies like facebook which currently owns  nearly 100 000 kilometers of cables google owns  

  • roughly the same amount amazon has its own massive  private network hooking up the online giant's  

  • mighty aws data centers through cables traversing  the atlantic pacific and indian oceans plus the  

  • mediterranean and the red sea and the south  china sea the tech giants like to frame these  

  • vast environmentally disruptive infrastructure  projects a civilization enhancing largesse on  

  • their part but they're also shareholder companies  remember who know perfectly well that increasing  

  • the number of human beings online is the only way  they can continue to grow hang on a second you're  

  • probably thinking what about starlink isn't  our old mate elon about to make the internet  

  • wireless any day now for now cable is by  far the cheapest and most efficient means  

  • of eating vast packets of data over incredibly  long distances fast even normally bullish musk  

  • says starlink is only aimed at people who don't  presently enjoy access to high speed fiber but  

  • who knows how that'll pan out in a decade or two  for now the future is very much undersea cables  

  • only this summer google and facebook announced  a joint initiative to build an undersea cable  

  • named apricot apricot will link up singapore  japan guam the philippines taiwan and indonesia  

  • by the year 2024. the longest subaquatic cable  ever a 45 000 kilometer billion dollar monster  

  • called to africa that will link up 33 nations was  just bankrolled by a facebook-led consortium what  

  • do you think will mankind's ingenious submarine  network one day look as obsolete as the telegraph  

  • let us know in the comments and don't forget to  subscribe for more totally wired tech content

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インターネットが海を越えるまで(How The Internet Travels Across Oceans)

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    asdf に公開 2023 年 04 月 23 日
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