Name: Battle of Towton 1461 - Wars of the Roses DOCUMENTARY
Uploaded: 2022-06-27T07:18:39.000Z
Duration: 16 min 29 s
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Wars often happen because different sides have intractable contradictions, but each

new war often creates the causes for the next one.

The Hundred Years’ War between England and France was no different, causing many conflicts

In England, the Wars of the Roses stemmed from the Hundred Years’ War.

The first phase of that conflict culminated in the bloodiest battle fought on English

The king of England Edward III had five sons who survived into adulthood.

For the first time in English history he created duchies for them, making his sons the biggest

On the one hand this strengthened the crown, but at the same time it formed a new class

of nobility, which had claims to the throne and enough power to vie for it.

Edward’s son and heir, the famous Hundred Years’ War commander Edward the Black Prince

passed away in 1376, followed by the king himself a year later.

The Black Prince’s son was crowned as Richard II.

The reign of this monarch was tumultuous: The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, was followed

by the Parliamentary crisis of 1386-1388.

Richard’s attempts to reach peace with France, his marriage to the young Valois princess,

the lack of an heir and the constant strife with the nobility made him deeply unpopular.

Richard’s cousin and one of the most powerful lords - the Duke of Lancaster Henry Bolingbroke

In May of 1399 Richard embarked on a campaign in Ireland, and Henry used the opportunity

He immediately garnered enough support to dethrone Richard and assumed the throne as

Richard was arrested and died in 1400, while his heir presumptive, another grandson of

Edward III - Edmund Mortimer was bypassed.

That created legitimacy problems for the king and he faced at least six significant rebellions.

In 1413 Henry IV succumbed to chronic disease and was succeeded by his son Henry V.

The new king was one of the most talented monarchs of England during this era.

In 1415 he renewed hostilities with France and won an impressive victory at Agincourt.

In less than a decade he conquered more French land than any English king before him.

The Treaty of Troyes was signed with France in 1420, according to which Henry married

Their descendants would inherit the French throne after the death of Charles VI the mad.

Henry V’s son Henry VI, who was less than one year old, was crowned as the king of England.

The King’s uncle, John of Bedford, became the regent and took command in France, while

his other uncle Humphrey of Gloucester looked after English affairs.

Although Bedford was a decent commander, the French soon rallied around Joan of Arc and

Charles VII was crowned as king of France in Rheims.

Henry’s coronation in Paris was a mere symbol.

By the time Henry reached adulthood and started governing in 1437, Bedford was dead, and the

The king was weak and easily swayed by his nobles, and at that point the peace party

led by Edmund of Somerset and William of Suffolk had more influence on the king than the war

The sides agreed to peace at Tours in 1444.

According to their agreement, Henry was to marry Charles’ niece Margaret of Anjou and

The marriage and the peace conditions were unpopular in England.

Among those who protested was Gloucester and that gave Henry a cause to imprison his uncle

Gloucester died shortly after and this weakened the war party even more.

Richard, who commanded the English lands in France, was stripped of his office and sent

Somerset and Suffolk became dukes in this period.

However, Suffolk was exiled under popular pressure and then murdered.

Hostilities with France were renewed and Somerset, who was appointed the commander in Normandy,

lost all the northern holdings save for Calais by 1450 and returned to England.

He and Queen Margaret had the king under their influence.

The prestige of the monarchy was at an all-time low.

The Hundred Years’ War impoverished England, the losses in France were hard to swallow,

and the nobles who lost their lands on the continent were unhappy.

At the same time, all the duchies created in the last century had become too strong

and independent, and the dukes often had personal retinues larger than that of the king.

At this point it is essential to show you the family tree of the Plantagenet dynasty,

as many grandsons of Edward III controlled these duchies, ushering in the era of what

is controversially known as bastard feudalism.

This era was characterized by the loyalty of the soldiers being to their lords, rather

The nobles would use that to procure offices, lands, and finances from the king.

These lords and their heirs would play a central role throughout the Wars of the Roses.

Richard, who had a strong claim to the throne as a great-grandson of Edward III, used the

circumstances to return from exile in 1452.

Although many came to his banner and demanded Somerset’s arrested, the queen’s party

still was stronger, and Margaret’s pregnancy made her position even more secure.

The situation would change in 1453: affected by the loss of Bordeaux and Aquitaine, the

king suffered a mental breakdown and became unresponsive.

Scholars still argue about the nature of his illness, but it is clear that Henry VI lost

In the north, two noble families, the Nevilles and Percys, used the lack of central power

to renew a feud, and as Somerset supported the latter, the Nevilles allied with Richard.

By 1454 Richard had enough backing to become the Royal Protector and appoint his supporters

However, in 1455 the king recovered, and queen Margaret managed to influence him yet again.

Richard’s decisions were rolled back, and he was exiled.

This time the Duke of York wasn’t going to take it, and he raised an army to move

The conflict that would be later called the Wars of the Roses because of the heraldic

badges used by the Lancasters and the Yorks became inevitable.

Henry knew that he would receive no support in London and moved out to a town called St.

Albans with his 2 thousand men, where an at least 5 thousand strong Yorkist army was waiting

Richard wasn’t ready to dethrone Henry, so negotiations started, but as the latter

refused to surrender Somerset, the Yorkists attacked.

Many Lancastrian commanders, among them Somerset, were killed, while the king was captured.

Richard returned him to London and was appointed the Protector by Parliament.

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Battle of Towton 1461 - Wars of the Roses DOCUMENTARY

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