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  • ♪ ♪

  • [male narrator] The 5th of July, 1914.

  • The Archduke and Duchess are dead.

  • Gavrilo Princip is in jail

  • but catastrophe is not yet certain.

  • Act Two begins.

  • We open on an Austrian delegation arriving in Potsdam.

  • It is now a week after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

  • The Austrians want to take action.

  • They want war with the Serbs,

  • who they think are behind the group of ragged young men

  • that actually pulled the trigger.

  • But before they can have their war,

  • they decide they must consult with their much stronger ally:

  • The German Empire.

  • So they send a delegation to Potsdam

  • to meet with the Kaiser, Wilhelm II.

  • They've been restrained before by Germany,

  • held back from acting in the Balkans,

  • so they need to know what Germany plans to do.

  • They go to the Kaiser and tell him that this is intolerable,

  • that they cannot abide such a humiliation,

  • that they cannot let this act of terrorism go unpunished.

  • And the Kaiser says to them, “We'll back you, whatever you do.

  • "Just act and act quickly.

  • Germany is behind you, without reservation.”

  • The Kaiser thinks that general war can be avoided,

  • that if the Austrians strike while all of Europe is enraged over this assassination,

  • if they act while the brutal slaughter of the Archduke and Duchess

  • is still fresh in people's minds,

  • no one will raise a finger to defend Serbia.

  • And even if--

  • even if the Russian Empire decided that they wanted to protect their Serbian allies,

  • if the Austrians can strike quickly it'll be a fait accompli

  • The war will be over before the Russians can mobilize their forces.

  • This is what he thinks as he tells the Austrian delegation

  • that they have a blank check,

  • that Germany will back them whatever they do.

  • And then he goes on vacation--

  • on a boat for three weeks, where he can't be reached.

  • So the Austrians come home, German assurances in hand,

  • but in Austria there's disagreement.

  • The Hungarian part of their empire initially objects to war.

  • They hoped that a peaceful solution might be found.

  • But their voice is alone.

  • Where were the other voices of reason or the other arguments for peace?

  • Dead on the streets of Sarajevo.

  • The Archduke was perhaps the greatest defender of the Serbs in the Empire,

  • and so when moderation was called for,

  • the parties for war simply had to point to his death and say,

  • He was their greatest friend and look what they did to him!

  • What do you think they're gonna do to us?”

  • And all arguments were quelled.

  • So, at last, the Hungarians relented on one condition,

  • a condition that will be important later--

  • that the Austro-Hungarian Empire would not annex a foot of Serbian land.

  • And with that, the Austrians began drafting an ultimatum to Serbia.

  • But this ultimatum is delayed by a chance for peace.

  • Two men, rivals in the heart of Serbia,

  • in Belgrade, the very capital in the center of this crisis,

  • are two of the only men farsighted enough

  • to see the clouds gathering on the edge of Europe.

  • They are the ambassador from Austria and the ambassador from Russia to Serbia.

  • They both have come to the same conclusion about where this storm will end,

  • so they plan to put aside their differences

  • and meet to perhaps work out a plan for peace.

  • On the 10th of July, the Russian ambassador arrives

  • at the house of the ambassador from Austria-Hungary.

  • The details are agreed to.

  • The plan is set.

  • All that's left is one final meeting to perhaps smooth out tensions,

  • to avert world war.

  • They talk, they take cigarettes.

  • Both sides are open, things are going well,

  • and then WHAM--

  • The Russian ambassador falls dead of a heart attack.

  • Nothing signed.

  • No war stopped.

  • The Serbians blame the Austrians.

  • Rumors circulate that they had the Russian ambassador assassinated,

  • that the Austrian ambassador killed him in his own house.

  • Worse still, this leaves the Russians without an ambassador in Serbia.

  • As events begin to accelerate toward war,

  • they have no diplomatic channel at the center of everything.

  • No lines of communication.

  • No eyes or ears on the ground.

  • They have nobody with the experience, connections, or familiarity with Serbia

  • that the former ambassador had to send out.

  • And even if they did, it'd take weeks to get them appointed

  • and shipped from Moscow to Sarajevo.

  • Weeks they don't have.

  • But with this last overture turning to catastrophe,

  • the Austrians decide it's finally time to send their ultimatum.

  • But they can't.

  • Again, they delay.

  • You see, President Poincaré the leader of France,

  • is going to Russia to meet with the czar.

  • And the Austrians, ever nervous, decide that they can't send the ultimatum

  • while their two greatest adversaries are meeting together in the same place.

  • It would never do.

  • They could make decisions too quickly.

  • They could coordinate in ways they normally couldn't when they're a thousand miles apart.

  • So the Austrians delay.

  • They wait until Poincaré is a hundred miles out to sea

  • before sending their ultimatum.

  • But at last, on the 23rd of July,

  • an ultimatum is sent from the Austrians to the Serbs.

  • The Serbs have 48 hours to agree to all points,

  • or face war.

  • The ultimatum asks many things,

  • but most of all it asks that Austrian police be granted free reign

  • to investigate the assassination on Serbian soil.

  • This is impossible.

  • To agree to such a thing is tantamount to giving up sovereignty.

  • No nation would accept this.

  • But that's all right because the ultimatum is only a ruse anyway,

  • a cover for with the Austrians really want.

  • The Austrians want war.

  • They want the ultimatum to be rejected

  • because they want to appear to the world

  • as though they gave the Serbs a chance to avoid a conflict.

  • They want to appear blame-free for the invasion they're planning.

  • And here's where things begin to speed up.

  • Europe begins to boil.

  • Up until this point, the crisis in the Balkans is just another event on the world stage,

  • but all of a sudden, with the release of this ultimatum,

  • people start to clue into what's happening.

  • Powers outside of Austria, Germany, and Serbia begin to pay attention.

  • But for us, we're gonna turn our attention to one man:

  • Sergei Sazonov.

  • Sergei Sazonov was the foreign minister of Russia,

  • and for him the 24th of July is about to be a very, very busy day.

  • In the morning,

  • he wakes to receive the terms of the ultimatum that Austria sent to Serbia.

  • He reads quietly to himself,

  • then turns to an aide and fatefully utters,

  • It's a European war.”

  • A cabinet meeting is hastily assembled.

  • The highest levels of the Russian government are all there.

  • They resolve to ask the Austrians to give the Serbs more time,

  • while at the same time pushing the Serbs not to resist the Austrians.

  • They also make the fateful decision to begin a partial mobilization

  • of their forces along the Austrian border,

  • trying to play all the angles at once in the schizophrenic chaos

  • that seemed all too common in the days just before the war.

  • Now it's noon.

  • Sazonov takes lunch with the French and British ambassador.

  • The French ambassador reiterates France's complete support.

  • The British ambassador says that Britain sympathizes,

  • but that he can't make any commitments.

  • Now it's afternoon.

  • The Russian ministers reconvene.

  • With Sazonov confirming the unwavering support of the French,

  • they decide to fully back Serbia, even to the point of war.

  • And now it's evening.

  • Sazonov meets with Pourtàles, the ambassador from Germany.

  • Pourtàles begs Sazonov to call off Russian mobilization.

  • He tells him that there must be solidarity between the monarchies,

  • that they must work together or all fall alone.

  • The argument gets heated.

  • Pourtàles tell Sazonov there will be revolution--

  • revolution in Europe if the monarchies did not work together.

  • If they don't work together, all of the crowns will fall.

  • And he's right.

  • Within five years, all the great monarchies of Europe,

  • true monarchies, monarchies where the monarch was the head of state,

  • would collapse.

  • Within five years, the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire,

  • the Russian Empire, and the German Empire would be no more,

  • their kings dispossessed,

  • thousands of years of monarchical tradition burned away

  • in the fires of cataclysmic war.

  • Then something tragic happens.

  • It's one of those small tragedies that lines the path to the First World War,

  • those things that tear you up

  • as you read about these events with perfect hindsight.

  • It's one of those moments that almost makes this seem like a script,

  • like a high drama constructed for the stage,

  • until you realize how real it is.

  • Real enough to wipe out a generation.

  • For you see, Sazonov utters the words

  • If Austria-Hungary swallows Serbia, we will go to war.”

  • Did you catch it?

  • If not, that's all right.

  • Neither did Pourtàles.

  • Poor Pourtàles, who so desperately wants to avoid war.

  • You see, Russia's main concern was that Austria would annex Serbia.

  • If the Austrians planned to conquer Serbia, then it had to be war.

  • But remember earlier

  • when the Austro-Hungarians were arguing among themselves about the ultimatum,

  • that Hungarian element wouldn't lend its voice to war

  • unless the other members of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

  • agreed that they would not annex a foot of Serbian soil.

  • Well, nobody told Pourtàles.

  • He was the German ambassador, not the Austrian ambassador,

  • and somehow the memo never got to him

  • that the Austrians had no plans to actually take over Serbia.

  • So in their whole discussion,

  • he never gets to communicate this to Sazonov.

  • This may be one of the last moments where the world could have avoided this war.

  • Pourtàles' impassioned begging for peace.

  • Sazonov firmly stating the Russian case.

  • The two diplomats meeting in the quiet St. Petersburg night.

  • But the world hinges on small things,

  • and in that gentle night,

  • one of the last the world would know for years,

  • the opportunity is missed.

  • The hands of fate tighten around the neck of Europe.

  • The next day, the Austrians reject demands that they extend the deadline;

  • the Kaiser at last decides to return to Germany;

  • and two minutes before the ultimatum expires,

  • the Serbians send Austria their reply.

  • But that's a story for next time.

  • We'll see you then.

  • ♪ ♪

  • Captions Provided by:

  • The University of Georgia Disability Resource Center

  • 114 Clark Howell Hall Athens, Georgia 30602

  • 706-542-8719 Voice 706-542-8778 TTY

♪ ♪

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World War I: The Seminal Tragedy - The July Crisis - Extra History - #3

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    香蕉先生 に公開 2022 年 06 月 26 日
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