Name: What is a Map? Crash Course Geography #2
Uploaded: 2022-02-27T12:40:35.000Z
Duration: 10 min 30 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

From espressos and cappuccinos to cafe au lait and plain black, there's a coffee out

程度の副詞

We can even visualize it on a map like this, where the color of each country represents

For me there's nothing better than a morning latte.

But for coffee to get to my favorite coffee shop, it first has to make it through a pretty

We won't go bananas and get into the full geographic story of coffee, but in 2020 coffee

is mostly grown in the “Bean Belt,” which is -- oh I'll just show you.

My favorite coffee shop is much closer though -- over on Elm Street.

From my house, take a left at the end of the street, go to the bottom of the hill, and

take another left, past the house where the grey cat is always sitting on the porch.

A few blocks later, there's that beautiful garden along the side of the yellow house.

Walk past there, take a right at the next corner, and the café is straight ahead.

At least, that's the mental map I follow every morning.

We all have maps we use as tools to help us navigate or better understand wherever we are.

And in geography, we use maps to study, analyze, and interpret spaces, places, and human-environment interactions.

We use maps in all shapes and sizes to tell the story of the Earth.

They're colorful, detailed, and lots of times, difficult to fold!

I'm Alizé Carrère and this is Crash Course Geography.

Formally, a map is a symbolic representation of space, which is all the facts and features

Maps can be used to compare spaces (and places) on Earth and beyond or shape our sense of

Like, when you search “map” on the internet, this world map is one of the first things

Reference maps can show mountains, cities, oceans, elevation -- everything people might

But the Earth is almost spheroid, or a slightly wonky sphere.

So this reference map also has to do the hard work of representing our three-dimensional

Like taking the 3D Earth and squishing it onto paper or a flat computer screen.

For cartographers, or map-makers, it's a challenge with many solutions.

They need to pick which data they want to focus on, and the type of map they pick often

For example, we might want to use these three maps to talk about the number of people in

They're thematic maps, which visualize data about a particular topic across a space.

Instead of being something we'd use to navigate on a cross-country road trip, thematic maps

tackle abstract ideas, like average rainfall or voting results by political party, and

explore how frequency, concentration and patterns are distributed across a space.

For example, these three thematic maps are designed to visualize population data.

First, we have a choropleth map, which shows how a theme like population changes over a

particular space using different colors or shadings of colors.

This is shown in the map's key or legend which unlocks the map and shows us how to

Notice how the key moves from light purple to deep violet depending on the population

density -- the number of people per some amount of area.

When we look at this, we can tell pretty quickly the population density in most of South America

Except for the northern tip of the continent, there are between 0 and 25 people per square

As of 2020, Sao Paulo in Brazil is actually one of the 20 most populated cities in the

So nowhere in Brazil has more than 25 people per square kilometer?

Choropleth maps are useful because they quickly tell us which countries or regions belong

With a glance we see Australia and Canada and Russia and most of South America all fit

But by shading a whole area, choropleth maps can make things look a little too simple,

They imply there's an evenness to whatever they're showing -- even though there are parts

of Sao Paulo with wayyy more than 25 people per square kilometer and other parts of Brazil

Let's try a different thematic map that will let us be a bit more specific.

A dot density map uses a dot to represent a key feature or attribute.

The cartographer decided that each dot on this map represents 100,000 people.

So while the choropleth map showed the general population spread out over an entire country,

this dot density map has more granularity and shows where within a country people live.

We can see the coasts of Brazil have more dots -- and more people.

But take a look at the Sahara or Siberia.

No one lives exactly where those dots are!

The cartographer also decided where to place each dot to summarize population data.

But it's a simplification that could mislead someone if they're not paying close attention

A dot doesn't necessarily mean 100,000 people live exactly there.

Cartographers are always trying to make maps easily readable, but all the choices they

For example, if we changed how our dot density map is projected, or how the 3D Earth was

flattened into 2D, the size and shape of the continents would shift, and so would the dots.

We might accidentally imply some areas have a closer population density while others are

Our last thematic map for today is a cartogram map, which uses size to compare data -- like

population density -- regardless of the actual space these regions take up on the Earth's

With this map, the really populous countries are giant, while ones with smaller populations

But it looks weird to us or at least me, because we're used to maps that tell us something

about the physical space that countries and continents take up.

India has a much bigger population, but in real life Australia is a muuuuch larger country

-- it's about 7.7 million square kilometers while India is less than half the size with

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What is a Map? Crash Course Geography #2

stick

perception

obvious

mental