You like the idea of exploring a fascinating organ and helping patients save their vision.

Let's debunk the public perception myths of what it means to be an ophthalmologist,

and give it to you straight.

This is the reality of ophthalmology.

Dr. Jubbal, MedSchoolInsiders.com.

Welcome to our next installment in So You Want to Be.

In this series, we highlight a specific specialty within medicine, such as ophthalmology, and

help you decide if it's a good fit for you.

You can find the other specialties on our So You Want to Be playlist.

A lot of you asked for ophthalmology, so that's what we're covering here.

If you want to vote in upcoming polls to decide what future specialties we cover, make sure

you're subscribed.

If you'd like to see what being an ophthalmologist looks like, check out my second channel, Kevin

Jubbal, M.D., where I do a second series in parallel called a Day in the Life.

Once the world is back to a more normal baseline, we'll be doing a Day in the Life of an Ophthalmologist.

Ophthalmology is the medical and surgical specialty dealing with ocular and orbital

diseases - pretty much anything relating to the eyes and immediate surrounding structures.

Ophtho is unique in that it isn't a strictly medical or surgical field, but rather a blend.

The practice of ophthalmology can be categorized into three main areas: medical, procedural,

and surgical.

There are many diseases that are unique to the eye, but also several systemic diseases

that have manifestations in the eye.

Within the medical focus of ophthalmology, there are 5 main categories:

First, infectious.

Infectious diseases of the eye can be viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic in nature.

These include STI's like syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea, to fungi like candida, to parasites

like toxoplasmosis or the worm causing river blindness, Onchocerca volvulus.

These infections may be confined to the eye, but may also be systemic yet manifest in the

eye.

For example, with syphilis, a patient may only recognize the ocular symptoms, such that

the ophthalmologist is the first person to diagnose the patient with a systemic infection.

Next, systemic inflammatory diseases can cause uveitis, or inflammation in the eye.

These diseases are wide and varied, from rheumatoid arthritis and lupus to inflammatory bowel

disease and sarcoidosis.

Diabetic retinopathy occurs in patients with poorly controlled diabetes.

In short, the small vessels get damaged, which we call microvascular damage, resulting in

scarring, bleeding, retinal detachments, and can even cause blindness.

This is the leading cause of vision loss worldwide.

Malignancy Believe it or not, you can get tumors in your

eye.

This can be retinoblastoma, which is screened for in newborns, choroidal melanoma, which

is actually not directly related to skin cancer, or primary intraocular lymphoma.

The eye and orbit are a common site of metastases for other cancers, meaning a primary cancer

releases cells in the bloodstream that take hold in the eye.

It makes sense, as the eye has the highest rate of blood flow per weight compared to

any tissue in the body.

Prescription and recreational drugs can both cause long term damage to the eyes.

For example, chronic alcoholism may result in vitamin deficiency leading to vision issues.

Alternatively, methanol should never be ingested, as it causes optic nerve delamination which

can result in blindness.

Glaucoma has two main types, acute angle closure and primary open angle.

Both can lead to damage to the optic nerve and irreversible vision loss.

Open angle glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and is called

the “silent thief” as it slowly causes vision loss overtime without patients being

aware.

Ophthalmology has a variety of procedures, which one wouldn't necessarily consider

surgical, as these are performed in the office, not the operating room.

The way lasers are used in the field is almost science fiction.

A laser retinopexy is essentially spot welding to prevent retinal detachment.

This is used to treat retinal tears.

For acute angle closure glaucoma, which is highly urgent as it can cause rapid vision

loss, a laser peripheral iridotomy is used to create a hole in the iris and reduce pressure.

Eye injections are also performed, such as anti-VEGF for treatment of diabetic retinopathy

and macular degeneration.

In a similar vein, a diagnostic tap and inject is where the ophthalmologist gets fluid from

the eye and then injects antibiotics or antivirals through the same needle.

Lastly ophthalmologists sometimes perform lesion removal and excision, like when I got

my chalazion drained.

When it comes to surgical procedures in the operating room, ophthalmologists can perform

either extraocular or periocular cases, meaning those that are outside and around the eye,

or intraocular surgeries, meaning within the eye.

Orbital surgery includes excision, debulking, or taking biopsies of masses and lesions in

the orbit.

Reconstructive surgery around the eye can be done after trauma, like a baseball to the

orbit, or after extensive surgery, such as after a cancer resection.

Restorative or cosmetic surgeries include eyelid surgery for ptosis, meaning droopy

eyelids, or having excess skin over the eye.

Strabismus surgery is concerned with the actual eye muscles to help bring the eyes into proper

alignment.

In terms of intraocular surgery, there are four main ones.

First, cataract surgery is the bread and butter for general ophthalmologists, and is the most

common outpatient surgery, with 3 million surgeries performed every year in the U.S.

It makes sense, since cataracts is the leading cause of vision loss in the world and everyone

gets it, assuming they live long enough.

Phacoemulsification is the technique used, whereby ultrasound technology breaks up the

cataracts and a vacuum sucks it out.

An artificial lens is placed in the eye with specifications unique to that individual's

refractive error.

Second, cornea surgery, including corneal transplants.

Corneal surgery also includes LASIK or PRK, another form of laser eye surgery that isn't

as well known as LASIK.

Third, glaucoma surgery, which includes placing tiny tube shunts or performing trabeculectomies

to redirect flow of the fluid in the eye.

And lastly, retinal surgery, which includes repairing retinal detachments, macular hole

repairs, removing foreign bodies within the eyeball, and even lens removal following a

complicated cataract surgery.

After completing medical school, ophthalmology residency is 4 years, with the first year

historically being a transitional or preliminary year, meaning you wouldn't actually start

ophthalmology training until your second year.

However, more residency programs are integrating the first year so that you will get some ophthalmology

exposure even as an intern.

In terms of competitiveness, ophthalmology is misunderstood as being far more competitive

than it really is, in part because it participates in the SF Match rather than the traditional

NRMP.

In terms of match rate, in the last few years official data range from 86-89 percent for

US graduates.

The higher than usual number of international applicants deflates the overall match rate,

making it seem more daunting than it truly is.

USMLE data is not reported by Step 1 and Step 2, but rather as a combination of both scores.

Parsing this data, Step 1 averages are likely around 240 and Step 2 averages are likely

around 250.

If you're considering ophthalmology, this is great news, as the data shows it's far

more attainable than the popular narrative would have you think.

That isn't to say it's easy to get into.

You'll still need to be an above average student.

As with any other specialty, having publications, strong letters of recommendation, and good

Step scores go a long way in helping your chances.

Going to a US allopathic, meaning MD school, is much more advantageous compared to attending

an osteopathic, meaning DO, or international medical school.

If you graduate from an osteopathic or international medical school, expect an uphill battle, with

official match rate data around 20-40% for these students rather than high 80's for

your US allopathic counterparts.

Medical students that end up applying to ophthalmology are usually those who understand the importance

of a good lifestyle.

Outside of ophthalmology, the stereotype is that they're myopic nerds who are fascinated

by a small organ, or that they're huge introverts or cannot handle real surgery.

Obviously, stereotypes aren't quite true.

After completing residency, you can choose to subspecialize further with a fellowship,

most of which last 1 year, except for surgical retinal and oculoplastics which are two years.

Cornea deals with surgical and medical management of corneal eye diseases, and includes refractive

procedures like LASIK, PRK, and SMILE, which is essentially an even less invasive option

than LASIK.

Surgical retina is a 2 year fellowship, primarily focused on retinal diseases from diabetic

retinopathy and retinal detachments.

Compared to other subspecialties, the lifestyle is not as optimal, as there are occasional

emergent add-on cases, like retinal detachments, but even these can generally wait until the

next morning.

Medical retina is a 1 year fellowship dealing with medical management of similar retinal

diseases.

You'll be performing lasers and injections, but no retinal surgeries.

Glaucoma fellowship will have you trained in medication, lasers, and surgery to decrease

intraocular pressure.

Oculoplastics is a 2 year fellowship dealing with orbital diseases and adnexal structures

such as the eyelids, tear drainage system, and the face.

It includes both aesthetic and reconstructive surgeries.

With a pediatric fellowship, you'll deal with all ocular issues that children have,

ranging from glaucoma to retinopathy of prematurity, meaning abnormal blood vessel development

in the retina in premature babies.

However, your bread and butter will primarily be refractive errors, amblyopia, and strabismus,

meaning misalignment of the eyes.

Amblyopia is when the visual pathways in the brain are not developed properly due to poor

visual input, such from strabismus or refractive error, and this can result in permanent vision

issues in children if not properly corrected before age 7.

Neuro-ophthalmology is concerned with how the nervous system relates to the eye and

vision, meaning you'll be dealing with optic neuritis, optic neuropathy, double vision,

and paralysis or spasms around the eye.

Ocular oncology is an evolving field dealing with primary and metastatic tumors of the

eye and orbit.

You'll be working closely with oncologists, radiation oncologists, and dermatologists.

Completing a uveitis fellowship makes you the specialist for infectious and inflammatory

disease in the eye, particularly those of the uvea, which is at the front of the eye,

more specifically the iris, choroid, and ciliary body.

Ophthalmology is unique in that it combines medicine, office procedures, and surgery into

one practice.

It's also a highly innovative field with cutting edge technology.

For example, Ocular Coherence Tomography, or OCT, uses near-infrared technology to produce

cross-sectional pictures of a patient's retina, visualizing each layer independently

and measuring their thickness.

In terms of lifestyle, it's hard to beat.

You won't have to come in on weekends, and if you're on call, it's generally light.

For the most part, you're working a regular 8 to 5 job.

Compensation amongst physicians is in the upper third, with an average salary of $366,000

per year.

As a procedural specialty, compensation is largely a function of how many procedures

you perform.

If you can increase efficiency and do an extra few cataract surgeries in a given morning,

your compensation will reflect that.

The lifestyle is phenomenal as an attending, and compared to other residencies, particularly

surgical, ophthalmology is far more laid back.

Ophthalmology is also unique in that it's a highly visual field - no pun intended.

A great deal of your diagnosis will depend on your exam.

It's one of the few fields remaining where the physical exam is vital, and being able

to diagnose a patient from a physical can be gratifying.

Lastly, you'll be highly specialized in a very specific area.

Many systemic health issues manifest in the eye, so there will be times that you're

the first physician to catch an infectious disease or even cancer.

Because of your high degree of specialization, you may even catch important findings on imaging

that even radiologists may miss.

One example that comes to mind is a teenager with trauma to the eye during a sporting event

resulting in a fracture to his orbital floor.

The inferior rectus muscle of his eye was entrapped by the fracture, so that when he

tried to look up, not only was he restricted, but he has a drop in heart rate, known as

the oculocardiac reflex.

This happens because the eye muscle contains sensory nerves from the ophthalmic division

of the trigeminal nerve.

When the entrapped muscle tries to move, these nerves can become activated, which then synapse

on the vagus nerve, resulting in bradycardia, or a slower heart rate.

The flip side of being so highly specialized and independent is that you may feel more

isolated compared to other specialtists.

Whereas most of medicine is moving towards incorporating teams, you won't be as deeply

involved in coordinated care as an ophthalmologist, apart from the occasional consult to rheumatology,

neurology, endocrine, and of course the patient's PCP.

There's also a steeper learning curve in residency, as much of ophtho is not emphasized

in medical school.

You'll be doing new imaging, a new, more detailed physical exam, and learning about

pathologies that weren't highlighted in medical school.