Zoom!

何をする？

Yeah, it goes up, up, up, up and away!

上に上に飛んでいくんだ！

[babbling happily]

ボタンだよ

[Rich] There's the button.

押す準備はいい？

[Amelia] Get ready to press it. Fingers out.

楽しみだね

[Rich] Get ready.

赤ちゃんが１歳を迎える直前

Doh!

魔法のようなことが起きます

Doh! Yeah. Excitement.

これを見て

[woman] Something quite magical happens

それぞれの旅に出るのです

at the end of a baby's first year.

言語の旅へ

-[Pascoe gasps] -[Rich chuckles] Oh!

“宇宙”

-Wow, look at this. -Look at this, buddy.

そうだ

Every one of them embarks on their own journey

赤ちゃんは はいはいする前から ―

toward language.

言語を学び始める

Can you say "space"?

空の上？

-Dah! -That's correct.

そう

[Amelia chuckles]

その通り

Babies start learning about language before they can walk,

言語がなければ 踏み入れられない世界へ

often before they're even crawling.

君に似合うよ

Is it up in the sky?

ほら見て

It is.

言語は洗練されていて複雑だ

-There it is. Correct. -[Amelia] It's up there.

詩や文学も与えてくれる

Allowing them to enter into a world

大勢の人で作るのよ ほら見て

that would be unattainable without language.

膨大なレパートリーが―

[babbling]

世代から世代へ受け継がれる

I think that would suit you.

言語は文明を作っていく

[Amelia] Look at this. Wow!

スペースシャトル！

[man] Human language is sophisticated and complex,

気をつけて

allowing us to have poetry, fiction...

ではどのように 言語を学ぶのでしょう？

There's lots and lots of people that make it.

これは非常口だ

So, see all those little bits?

彼らも人間の文明の一部に なっていくんです

Including the ability to transmit this huge repertoire

NETFLIX オリジナルドキュメンタリー

from one generation to another, to another, to another, to another,

初めての言葉

and what makes human civilization possible.

英国　ロンドン

[Rich hums]

どれ？

[Rich] Whoa!

パスコー　11ヵ月

Into the space shuttle!

これ？

Whoa!

荷造りできたよ

-Watch your head. -This is where we cook space spaghetti.

私たちが発する“音”を 理解しようとしてる

And then you ask the question,

ボールここに入れる？

how do they learn language?

そうだ

That's the escape hatch.

いい？

[imitates an explosion]

１ ２ ３　いくぞ

So that they, too, can be part of the stream

住所入れる？

of human civilization.

わかるから大丈夫

[theme music playing]

リック＆アメリア

[toy boings loudly]

脳内で すごいことが起きてそう

[Amelia] Which one?

言語が何かを知る前から 言語を学ぶなんて

[toy boings]

おしゃべりだね

This one?

腕

[boinging continues]

乳児の脳ってすごい

[Rich] Boing!

出る？

Okay, so his stuff is packed.

米国　フィラデルフィア

[Amelia] I definitely see him watching us make noises

大学時代は 音楽家を目指していました

and him trying to grasp what we're asking him to do.

でも心理学や言語学に 魅了されたのです

[Rich] Do you want to put your ball in here? In there.

キャシー· ハーシュペイセック 乳児言語ラボ主任

Good boy.

ある日プールで遊ぶ 子供を見ていました

-Ready? -[laughs]

小さな女の子が怒って プールから出てきた

[strains] One, two, three!

３歳ぐらいよ

[in Scottish accent] Let's go for a drive.

６歳のお兄ちゃんが大勢と 赤いゴムボールで遊んでる

-Should I put the address in? -Nah, it's good. I know where we're going.

仲間に入れなくて怒ってると ママに言っていました

[babbling happily]

それが 大人顔負けの―

Bah-dum.

洗練された文法で 驚きました

[Amelia] It must be phenomenal what is going on in their brain.

その時ひらめいたんです

[babbling happily]

プールでその時気づいたのは

[Amelia and Rich imitate Pascoe's babbling]

“幼いのに 言語を―”

[Amelia] It blows my mind that you can learn a language

“使いこなしてる”

when you don't even know what a language is.

それを理解したかった

[Rich] You've got lots of things to say.

遊んで

Okay, arm.

入ろうか

[Amelia] It's pretty crazy that a child's brain can do that.

何かな

[Rich] You gonna come out? [strains]

やあ

[car horns honking]

どうも

[woman] When I was in college, I was headed toward being a musician.

元気？

And I guess I was lured by...

かわいいわ

things like psychology and the study of language.

言語は毎日使うから

[kids squealing and laughing]

私たちはその仕組みを 知った気でいます

[indistinct chatter]

言語に囲まれているから

[Kathy] So one day, I'm just sitting at the pool

赤ちゃんにとっては 単に音の流れ

and seeing these kids at play,

まだ言葉が わからないからです

and this little girl comes out of the pool

それを解明するために ―

and she is so upset.

周りで流れる 話し言葉の メロディーを聞いてるんです

She's about three, I guess her brother's maybe six,

では彼らはどのように そのメロディーに入り込み―

and he has a whole team of folks in there

解析し この大きな問題を 解明するのでしょうか？

playing with this big red rubber ball.

音から言語へと

[Kathy] And she begins to tell her mom

意思の疎通が 上手になってきた

how upset she is that she wasn't included in the ballgame.

音の持つ意味を 理解し始めてる

But she did so with the sophisticated grammar

やあ

and language skills of an adult,

トーンや言い方は 実際の音より多くを語る

and I thought, "My gosh."

パパ

[water splashing]

パパ？

[Kathy] I think that we have "ah-ha" moments.

そうだ

And the ah-ha moment in the pool was to say,

誰？

"Wow.

パパ

Look at what these kids are doing

そう！

so early on with language."

いい？

I wanted to understand that.

ママ来る？

[car engine revving]

交響曲シンフォニーにはメロディーが 埋め込まれ

Play with this little fella.

同じメロディーが 何度も出てくる

Yeah.

言語も同じです

Should we go in there?

言語には独自の音がある

What's in there?

質問する時は 語尾を上げる

How are you doing?

主張したいときは

[laughter]

トーンがより強くなって

[Amelia] How are you?

下がる

Hey, buddy. How's it going?

赤ちゃんは これらの メロディーに気づくことで ―

[Rich] You good? Yeah.

流れてくる音を 解析するのか？

[woman] That's gorgeous.

そして言葉やフレーズなどの 言語の単位を ―

[Kathy] It's actually taken for granted

そこから 見つけているのでしょうか

that we're going to know how language must work

テンプル大学

because we do it every day,

40年前当時は珍しかった

because we're surrounded by it every minute.

音楽と言語を 研究している人は―

[indistinct chatter]

他には見つけられませんでした

[garbled dialogue]

誰も触れなかった

[Kathy] For the babies,

何で遊ぶ？

it's just a flow.

そこでチームを作り

[garbled dialogue]

実験をしました

[garbled dialogue]

言語の メロディーパターンは ―

[garbled dialogue]

言葉の単位化を―

[Kathy] And they don't know any of the words yet.

手助けしてくれている のでしょうか？

[garbled dialogue]

楽しいね

[Kathy] Think of what that baby needs to do to crack the system.

名詞や動詞 前置詞

They're hearing the melodies of speech

文章の始まりや終わりを 探したり

as if it just is ongoing all the time in the environment.

調子はどう？

[garbled dialogue]

順調よ

Hey!

シンデレラの家は豪邸 でも暗かったのです

[Kathy] The real question is how they can dig into this flowing sound source,

“でも”の前でカット

these ribbons of melodies.

１つの スピーチでは自然な 間を ―

How do they get in there, carve 'em up,

もう１つでは 不自然な 間を空けました

so that they can eventually solve the big problem

シンデレラの家は豪邸

of mapping sound to language?

でも暗かったのです

-Ooh! -[Amelia] Ooh!

とても意地悪な 継母がいたから

[babbling]

完璧ね

[Pascoe babbles]

確認しましょう

[mewling]

シンデレラの家は豪邸

[mewling]

でも暗かった… のです

[Amelia] He's getting better at sort of communicating with us.

とても… 意地悪な 継母がいたから

and we're getting better at understanding what the noises actually mean.

あなたって天才ね

[babbling]

不自然と自然なスピーチで 同じ数の間を入れて

[Amelia] Hello.

それぞれの間は 全く同じ長さにする

[Amelia] The tone, or the way that he says it, sort of says a lot more

座って膝の上に乗せて

than the actual noise that he's making.

始めましょう

"Dada."

２種類のスピーチを 赤ちゃんに聞かせるんです

"Dada"?

それぞれ違う スピーカーからね

-Dada. -[Rich] Yes.

左側は不自然な 間

Who's that?

不自然

-Dada. -[Rich] Yes!

右側は自然な 間

Ready?

自然

[crowd applauding]

シンデレラの家は豪邸

[Rich] Is Mummy coming?

でも暗かったのです

[crowd cheering]

自然

[Kathy] If you listen carefully, symphonies have embedded melodies

とても意地悪な 継母がいたから

and the same melody keeps cropping up,

シンデレラの家は 豪邸でも…

and the same thing is true in language.

不自然

[ride-goers screaming]

暗かった…

Language has its own kind of sounds.

意地悪な継母がいたから

When we want to ask a question...

次は両側のライトを点滅させ

[in light tone] ...we go up.

どちらを見たいか 赤ちゃんに選ばせます

And when we want to make a statement...

メロディーが ヒントになっているなら

[in lower tone] ...you can see that I have a harsher kind of pattern in tone

繰り返されるメロディーや 主題を認識して―

and then it goes down.

自然なスピーチの方を 長く見るはず

[Kathy] So I wondered whether noticing those melodies

シンデレラの家は豪邸

could be one way in which babies

でも暗かったのです

could break into the sound stream

とても意地悪な 継母がいたから

and find the units of language,

驚くべき結果だったと 思います

the words, the phrases, and the sentences.

予想をはるかに越えました

[animal chirping]

不自然なスピーチより 自然なスピーチの方を ―

[Kathy] You know, 40 years ago we were very much out on a limb.

圧倒的に早く そして長く見ていました

There was nobody, literally no one in the world,

リズムとパターンを察知して

who I could find who was doing music and language together.

ピッチの変化も聞いていた

No one was touching it.

小さな赤ちゃんでも ―

What should we play with?

言語という音楽を使って 言葉の単位を見い出すのです

-Yeah? -[baby laughs]

つまり 赤ちゃんの言語学習は―

[Kathy] So we pulled a team together...

予想以上に洗練されていた

and did an experiment to ask,

この研究への反響は良く ―

"Could these melodies of language, the patterns,

言語発達の研究への 後押しとなりました

actually be helping us

音としての言語理解から 文法の理解へ

to break the ribbons of language into smaller units?"

その架け橋をかけたのです

How fun is that?

ロンドン

[Kathy] Finding the nouns and finding the verbs

見て

and finding the prepositional phrases

わあ

and finding out where sentences begin and end.

パスコー　誕生１ヵ月前

-Hey Hallie, how's it going? -It's going well.

出っ張ってるね

[woman on recording] Cinderella lived in a great, big house,

体を伸ばして蹴ってくるよ

but it was sort of dark.

足を伸ばしてくる

[Hallie] Right. So I think we can cut right here,

ストライカーね

before the "but."

気に入ってるね

[Kathy] We had these two samples of speech,

子宮で言語の音楽を 聞いていることは ―

and we put pauses either in natural or non-natural places.

大いにありえます

Cinderella lived in a great, big house,

ほらね

but it was sort of dark,

心音のドキドキと ―

because she had this mean, mean, mean stepmother.

羊水の音を通して―

-Perfect. Great. -Yeah. Yeah.

言語パターンを聞く

[Hallie] Let's zoom out a little bit and see if that sounds right.

起こすよ

Cinderella lived in a great, big house,

いい子だ

but it was...

毛虫さん

sort of dark,

面白い？

because she had...

生後２日の乳児は ―

this mean, mean, mean stepmother.

すでに言語の種類を認識する ことがわかっています

-Oh, wow! -[laughs]

たとえば

You are a genius.

英語や他のゲルマン語派は 音が似ています

You have to make sure that you have the same number of pauses

投げて

in the non-natural and the natural case.

ママに

You have to make sure the pauses are exactly the same length.

そうだ

[Hallie] You can take a seat and pop Liliana on your lap.

すごく上手

So we are gonna get started.

振って

And then we're going to play those two samples of speech for these babies,

どれがいい？

and each one comes out of a different speaker.

あれ？

[Kathy] The left side was going to have the unnatural.

あれ？

[device clicking]

子供と会話する時間を作って

And the right side would have the natural.

彼らが 気づいたことに注目します

[woman on recording] Cinderella lived in a great, big house,

そして会話をリードさせれば―

but it was sort of dark...

子供たちは豊かな言語能力を 持てるでしょう

because she had this mean, mean, mean stepmother.

いいね

Cinderella lived in a great, big house, but it was...

１歳になる頃には

sort of dark, because she had...

赤ちゃんは言語の単位を 解明し始めます

this mean, mean, mean stepmother.

風船バイバイ

[Kathy] Then the next step is both lights blink,

バイバイ

and then the baby gets to choose, right,

バイバイ

which side he or she wants to look at.

次のステップは 言葉を選ぶことです

And if the melodies of speech were really giving a clue,

ロンドン

then baby should recognize

新しい言葉を学ぶ？

the recurrent melodies and motifs,

ネルソンの新しい言葉ね

and look longer at the speaker that had the natural speech.

コアラ

Cinderella lived in a great, big house,

ネルソン　12ヵ月

but it was sort of dark,

そう

because she had this mean, mean, mean stepmother.

こっちに戻ってきて

The results were really compelling, I think,

恐竜

even more stunning than we thought they were going to be.

恐竜が来るよ

[Kathy] Babies overwhelmingly looked more quickly

恐竜！

to the side that played the natural speech,

恐竜はどこ？

and overwhelmingly stayed on the natural speech longer

そこじゃないよ

than they stayed on the non-natural speech.

ライオンは？

[Kathy] They're hearing the rhythm, noting where the patterns are,

まだ全然話さないわ

and they're hearing some of the pitch changes.

見て

[Kathy] Babies, little teeny babies,

ライオン

are actually using the music of language

ライオン

to carve out the units of language.

音を出すだけ

What we found is that, in terms of language learning,

新しい言葉よ

babies were way more sophisticated than we had expected.

ウサギ

[Kathy] The study was very, very well-received

理解はしてると思う

and it did help push our thinking

ママに持ってきて

in the study of language development.

よくできました

So it was kind of making the bridge

上手

between how you understand sounds of language

他のことは 早く覚えてきたけど

and how you would eventually learn the grammar of language.

話し始めるのは そうでもないみたい

-[Rich] Oh. -[Amelia] Ow.

米国　マディソン

Look at that.

母音がたくさん

-Oh, yes. -[Amelia laughs]

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

[Rich] I could feel this rump sticking out.

いくよ

That's for sure.

言語に興味を持ち始めたのは ９歳か10歳の頃です

It'll start to stretch soon and then we'll get the foot kicking out there.

ある夜の出来事よ

-Yeah. -It just starts to stretch its legs out.