looks a little different depending on how you measure it.

測り方によって違います

In Poland, women earn 91 cents for every dollar a man does.

ポーランドでは ―

In Israel, it's 81 cents.

男性１ドルに対し 女性が91セント

In South Korea, women make just 65 cents on the dollar.

イスラエルでは 81セント稼ぎます

We know that just freeing the potential of women,

韓国では たった65セント

that is the fastest multiplier that we have in terms of our growth.

女性の可能性を 実現することが―

That is such an accelerator in eradicating poverty.

成長に至る 最速の道なんです

When you go to the store, you don't get a woman's discount.

貧困撲滅を 大幅に加速できます

You have to pay the same as everybody else.

買い物に行って女性だけ 割引になんてならない

So that comes out of your family income.

その出費は家計から出る

[McAdams] When someone mentions the pay gap,

賃金格差といえば よく聞く言葉が…

you often hear another phrase as well.

同一労働―

-Equal pay... -...for equal work.

同一賃金

-Equal pay... -...for equal work.

同一労働―

[McAdams] It makes it sound like women are paid less

同一賃金

for doing the same job as men,

同一労働―

which means women are paid less just for being women.

同一賃金

There's a word for that, discrimination.

同じ仕事でも 女性であることが理由で ―

But a huge body of research from many countries shows

賃金が低いということ なのでしょうか

that overt pay discrimination only potentially explains

性差別

a small part of the gender pay gap.

それは差別です

It's a real number, but it really, actually tells you almost nothing

でも各国での調査によると ―

about the real disparity between men and women.

男女の賃金格差の原因は 差別以外にもあるようです

Women aren't looking for a leg up. They want equal opportunity

ベロニク･ド･リュジ 経済学研究者 数字は本物だけど―

and equal pay. Big difference.

それだけでは 賃金格差の実態はわからない

If you want to change culture, you can't sit down and wait.

女性に必要なのは 援助じゃなく―

You must do something about it.

平等な機会と賃金

[McAdams] So, if it's not all about discrimination,

大きな違いよ

why are women around the world paid so much less than men?

待ってるだけじゃ 文化は変わらない カトリーン･ ヤコブスドッティル アイスランド首相

[man] The woman who works at a career has chosen to ignore that the woman's place...

行動しないと

It doesn't matter if you have a female or male body,

性差別ではないなら 一体なぜ ―

they should be paid accordingly.

女性の賃金は男性より 低いのでしょう？

[man] I see some really advanced clerical work.

外に出て働く女性は 本来の役割を無視し…

Pays women 80 cents for every dollar it pays men.

性別に関わらず 賃金は同じであるべき

[woman] This is our time to stand up to have our voices heard.

難易度の高い事務仕事です

And women will lead this country.

男性１ドルに対し 女性は 80セント

That's what this is all about.

立ち上がる時です

[McAdams] The story in the United States is similar to a lot of countries.

女性が国をリードする

It wasn't very long ago that most women, especially white women,

それが重要です

didn't work outside the home at all.

男女間の賃金格差

When you go back to the 1950s,

米国も 他の多くの国と同じく―

there weren't very many women in the workforce.

最近まで白人女性が 外で働くことはまれでした

The women there were were often not as well educated as the men.

50年代には―

They either didn't finish college,

働く女性の数は 少なかったし ―

or they didn't have the same credentials in college,

教育レベルも男性より 低いことが多かった

or hadn't gone to college at all.

大学を中退するか ―

Most of the women in my neighborhood did not work.

卒業しても学位が低いか ―

My mother did not work.

高卒だった

The only women that I saw in professional roles were teachers.

近所の女性は ほとんど家にいた

[McAdams] Most women didn't get that far.

母もそうだった

Seventy percent had menial jobs on factory assembly lines or in offices.

身近で唯一 働いていた 女性は 学校の先生たち

[man] Women workers don't mind routine, repetitive work,

教師は特別な存在でした

and they're good on work that requires high finger dexterity.

女性の70％は工場や オフィスでの単純労働

[McAdams] People understood that a woman might need to earn a little money,

女性は単調な作業を 厭いとわず ―

but a career? That was for men.

細かい作業も得意です

Your high score on the clerical aptitude test

収入はともかくキャリアは 男性だけのものでした

indicates that you can become a good secretary.

適性検査は高得点だった

[McAdams] Discrimination was also totally legal,

君は優秀な秘書になれる

allowing employers to put out job listings for men only.

採用差別の 取り締まりはなく ―

When I was growing up,

男性限定の人材募集も 合法的に行われました

I knew one woman lawyer. One.

子供の頃 女性の弁護士を １人だけ知ってた

I never met a woman doctor.

女医はいなかった

I couldn't have even imagined women engineers.

技術者なんて 想像もできなかった

[McAdams] The pay gap hovered around 60 cents on the dollar.

女性の賃金は 男性の約６割

It was caused by several interconnected factors,

原因には様々な要素が

like lower female education rates,

女性の進学率の低さや ―

women not being in the workforce in big numbers,

職場で少数派であったこと

grouping in traditionally feminine industries,

業種の偏り

and the fact that it was perfectly legal to pay women less,

法整備がなかったこと

and then a slew of cultural norms about gender roles and aptitudes.

役割と適性に関する 文化規範などが ―

These were the major explanations for the pay gap.

賃金格差の主な原因でした

And then, in just a few decades, things changed.

これが数十年で 変化することに

Sisterhood is powerful! Join us now!

女性はパワフル！ あなたも参加を！

[man] The battle cry of the women's liberation movement

女性解放運動の掛け声が ―

rings out down New York's Fifth Avenue.

５番街に響き渡ります

[man] First woman to receive the highest honor of the National...

ナショナルジオグラフィック 協会初の栄誉です

[man] The House broke into spontaneous applause.

拍手が湧き起こりました

Benazir Bhutto, the new prime minister.

ブットー首相の就任です

[man] This is the first American woman in space.

女性初の宇宙飛行士

[applause]

最高裁で初めて女性が…

[man] First woman nominated to the Supreme Court.

大統領選に初の女性候補者が

[man] First woman ever to run on a Presidential ticket.

女性への機会の扉は 開かれました

My candidacy has said to women, "The doors of opportunity are open."

学位取得者の数は 男性を上回りました

Women are out-earning men in college degrees and advanced degrees.

女性が次世代を率います

[woman] Women are engaged to bring the next generation.

史上初めて ―

For the first time in history,

働く女性の数が 男性を超えつつあります

women are actually outnumbering men in the workplace.

素晴らしい変化だった

This was just a sea change

私が挑戦もできなかった 奨学金を女性が取得し―

to see women competing for scholarships I couldn't have competed for,

男性と同じ学校に通って―

going to schools that were not open to women,

男性と同じ仕事してる

taking on jobs that were closed to women.

信じられないほど 大きな変化よ

That's changed... just... unbelievably.

格差の原因は減りました

[McAdams] Many of the factors that were causing the pay gap shrunk,

ひとつを除いて

except for one.

でも変わらないのは 子育ての価値観

[Anne-Marie Slaughter] But what has stayed is that women bear children.

“子育ては女性がすべき”と

They are assumed to be the primary caregiver.

医者や弁護士 首相が誕生しても ―

[McAdams] Even as women became doctors, and lawyers, and heads of state,

女性は子育ての中心と なることを期待されます

the popular expectation remained in society

米国でも 英国でも

that they would still do most of the work of raising children.

先進的な北欧諸国でさえ

In the United States, in the UK,

就学前の子供の母でも フルタイムで働くべき

even in progressive Scandinavian countries,

ごく少数です

surveys today show only a fraction of the population

男性に関しては その逆で ―

thinks women should work full-time when they have young kids.

米国人の70％が“常勤で 働くべき”としています

When it comes to men, the expectation flips.

世界中で 今でも かなりの数の人が―

Seventy percent of Americans think that new fathers should work full-time.

“母親は家にいるべき”と 思ってる

There still is a considerable percentage of people,

誤った説だと 何度も証明されているのに

not just in our country, but around the world, who really think

復帰してからは 時間の制約が多くなった

once you're a mom, you shouldn't be in the workplace.

強制ではなく 自分が娘と もっと時間を過ごしたかった

And that's been proven wrong, short-sighted over and over again.

それで気づいたの 効率を上げられると

I learned, after I went back, when my time was constrained,

仕事に使える時間は 全部使った

not by my employer, but by me,

母になって 仕事の質が 格段に上がったと思う

because I wanted to get home to that baby and spend time with her,

女性は 常勤で 働いている場合でも ―

that I could actually get a lot of work done in 15 minutes.

男性より９時間長く 家事子育てに時間を使います

Like, I would take any opportunity to work.

１年で換算すると 常勤の勤務時間３ヵ月分に

I've become, I think, a much better employee since I've had children.

これが賃金格差の核心です

[McAdams] Even when a mother does work full-time just like her male partner,

その理由を理解するために ―

she spends nine hours a week more than him on childcare and housework.

ある若い夫婦を例にとります

Over a year, that's the equivalent

今までに教えてきた―

of an extra three months of a full-time job.

学生達のその後について よく考える

This is the heart of the pay gap,

学歴も成績も 経験も同じ２人がいるとする

and to understand why, it helps to follow the story

違いが出てくるのは ―

of a young couple just starting out on their careers.

20代後半から30代前半の 適齢期になって ―

I often think about the trajectories

子供を作ることを考える頃

of the many law students I taught.

子供ができたら誰かが 家にいる必要がある

They look exactly the same.

シッターを雇っても ―

They have the same educational record, the same experience.

どうしても親が必要になる 場合もあるから

And then you watch what starts to happen

男性は いずれ昇進する

as they hit their late 20s, early 30s, childbearing years,

女性は仕事を 断るしかなかったり ―

and they start thinking about having children.

出張を断ることも

If they have children, at that point, somebody has to be home.

８年経ち 10年経つと ―

You can have lots of childcare,

男性は独立して 色々なことに挑戦し ―

but a parent needs to be at home for those situations that needs a parent.

女性は独立できず 収入も低いまま

So he's likely to get promoted.

勤務時間も時短だったりする

She, on the other hand, has had to turn down some of those assignments,

収入格差は開いていくばかり

say no to some of that travel.

各国のデータから 同じ経緯が見えてきます

So eight years out, ten years out,

デンマークの調査では ―

typically, he's then a partner, and he can do lots of things from there.

子育てが収入に 及ぼす影響が浮き彫りに

She hasn't made partner. She's not earning the same.

これが男性の収入推移

She's working flexibly, or even part-time,

子供の誕生時に 注目して下さい

and from there, her earning potential and his just keep diverging.

そして こちらが女性版

[McAdams] This is the story the data tells us in study after study

子供のいる女性と いない女性を比べると ―

in a variety of different countries.

格差を生むのは性別より 子供の有無だとわかります

One Danish study did an especially good job

収入格差は子供の 有無によって生まれるもの

of showing how childbirth affects earnings.

子育てしてない女性は―

[McAdams] Here's a man's pay trajectory.

男性の96％の収入がある

Watch what happens when his child is born.

母であることの負担なの

Here's the woman's trajectory.

問題視しない女性もいます

So then if you compare the earnings of a woman with kids

子供と時間が過ごせれば 収入が低くてもいいと

to a woman without kids,

家庭を優先して キャリアを選ぶ女性もいる

you can see that the pay gap isn't as much about being a woman

人それぞれよ

as it is about being a mom.

負担としてだけ 考えるのは…

The gender gap really is between women with children and everybody else.

そういう女性を否定してる

Women who are not caregivers earn 96% of every dollar.

素晴らしい価値が あるものなのに

It's a motherhood penalty.

子供や家族にも―

[McAdams] Some mothers don't see this as a problem.

家庭を優先する女性にも

They want to spend more time with their children.

選択によって生まれる 賃金格差は―

They don't mind if it means making less.

性差別による格差とは違う

Some women make a job choice based on the fact they want to have families.

女だからといって 賃金が安い場合とはね

Nothing wrong with that.

でも女性と男性の 選択肢は違うことも

Presenting it as, you know, a penalty is kind of denying

米国の母子家庭の数は 父子家庭の３倍

first, that women make that choice,

“子育ては女性の仕事” という ―

but also that there's some extreme value...

通念も広く残ります

not just for the children, the family, but also for the women making that choice.

80年代に書かれた 悩み相談コラムを見ると ―

A pay gap based on choices, you know, is different

今と変わりません

than a pay gap that's just because you're a woman,

相談者は“最近 昇進して―”

and you just can't get equal pay for doing the same thing a guy does.

“初めて個室がもらえた”

[McAdams] But often, women and men don't get the same choices.

“何を置けば？”と

In the US, there are three times as many single moms as single dads.

答えはこう

And growing up, most of us get the message

“あなたが 男性か女性かによって―”

that caregiving is more of a woman's job than a man's.

“答えは変わってきます”

Take, for example, a 1980s advice column about how to decorate your desk at work

“家族のいる男性なら―”

that still rings true today.

“家族の写真を飾って―”

Someone wrote in and said, "I've just gotten a big promotion,

“大黒柱だと アピールできる”

so I'll have my own work space for the first time.

“子供がいる女性なら―”

How should I decorate it?" And here was the answer,

“家族の写真は 飾らないこと”

"I can't tell from your initials whether you're a man or a woman,

“仕事に集中できないと 思われる”

and the answer depends upon which you are.

問題の根は深く ―

If you're a man, and you have a family, plaster your office with family pictures,

家族観や 親の役割に及ぶため ―

because people will think you're a very good provider.

解消は簡単ではありません

If you're a woman, and you have children,

でも成功例も

don't put pictures up in your office of your family,

アイスランドとルワンダは ―

because people will think you can't keep your mind on your work."

男女の賃金差を数十年で解消

[McAdams] The roots of this issue go deep to how we understand family

この２つの例からは ―

and mothers and fathers.

収入格差のない 社会づくりについて―

It's why the gap is so hard to close.

多くのことが学べます

But it's not impossible.

ルワンダは最貧国の一つで ―

Two countries, Iceland and Rwanda,

近年まで 女性の人権侵害が 顕著でした

have almost closed their wage gaps, and in just a few decades.

94年まで 女性は 人前で話せなかった

And looking at these two cases reveals important lessons

結婚した女性は 夫の許可なしに―

about what it takes to create a society

銀行口座を開けなかった

where women are paid almost the same as men.

でも94年 全てが変わります

Rwanda is one of the poorest nations on Earth,

ルワンダで大虐殺が 始まって５日目です

and until just a few decades ago, women were denied many basic rights.

何千人もの命が奪われ…

[Consolee Nishimwe] Before 1994,

ルワンダ史上最悪の争いが…

women were not allowed to speak in public.

３ヵ月で80万人が 殺されました

Married women were not allowed

父と３人の兄弟を失い―

to open a bank account without the authorization of their husbands.

母と妹だけになった

[McAdams] But in 1994, everything changed.

この結果 ルワンダの人口は ６〜７割が女性に

The fifth day of carnage and bloodshed in the Central African nation of Rwanda.

社会の基盤が 完璧に破壊された

Thousands of people are feared dead tonight...

人は生き残るためなら なんでもする

The fiercest fighting yet in the Central African nation of Rwanda.

男性が激減し ―

[McAdams] In just three months, 800,000 people were murdered.

多数の女性が 仕事に就くことに

Losing my dad and my three brothers,

昔ならあり得なかった 職種にも

I survived with my mom and my sister.

例えば 警察や軍隊で 女性が働くようになった

[McAdams] After the violence, the Rwandan population was 60 to 70% women.

次第に市長や知事の座にも 女性が就くように

It destroyed completely the social fabric.

女性が国を変え始めた

You do anything you can do to survive.

政府は理解していました

[McAdams] The shortage of men meant

国の再建には女性が必要だと

that women had to step into the workforce in huge numbers,

新たな政策を策定し ―

taking on jobs that a year earlier would have been unheard of.

女性の進出を促進しました

You'll find a woman who was police, for instance, or in the military.

新憲法の前文には ―

Gradually, women were found, like, being a mayor, a governor.

男女の機会平等が謳われ ―

Women actually were helping to change, you know, the country.

議員の３割以上を女性と することが定められています

[McAdams] The new government realized that to rebuild Rwanda,

現在ルワンダ国会は 議員の 61％が女性で ―

they needed women.

この割合は世界最高です

So they immediately implemented a host of new policies

女性の労働参加率は83.7％

aimed at getting more women into positions of power.

女性の社会進出が 最も進んだ国の一つです

The preamble to the new Constitution

憲法では男女同権の 監視役も設け ―

included a commitment to equal rights between men and women,