Name: 6つの変なキノコ（その他の菌類も (6 Weird Mushrooms (And Other Fungi))
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:42:31.000Z
Duration: 10 min 26 s
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There's more to mushrooms than the cute button varieties you find at your local grocery store.

関係詞節（制限と非制限）

The word “fungus” describes a whole kingdom of organisms that are neither plant nor animal.

It includes chanterelles and shiitakes, but also molds and yeasts.

Mushrooms are the part of the fungus that spreads its spores in order to reproduce.

And there are some really strange examples of fungi and their fruiting bodies out there.

They're not just interesting looking, either.

Some have the power to trick animals into caring for them, or even clean up radiation.

So here are six weird mushrooms and other fungi,

and what sets them apart from regular garden fare.

The first fungus on our list has a pretty clever survival technique.

The genus Fibularhizoctonia, also known as the cuckoo fungus,

hides itself in piles of termite eggs by mimicking their size and color.

Its little round balls aren't technically mushrooms.

They're actually the fungus's sclerotia form.

That's a resting state that will eventually sprout a new colony when conditions are right.

By making itself look like termite eggs, the fungus ensures it's safe until it's time to sprout.

See, termites will pile all their eggs together in one place and groom and lick them

to protect them from dryness and infection.

By hiding in the heap, the fungal termite balls get the same protection.

But it's not just a matter of looking like a termite egg.

To blend in, the fungi make an enzyme called beta-glucosidase.

This same enzyme is made by termite eggs to help adults recognize them.

termites didn't care for glass beads resembling termite eggs

unless they were coated in egg-recognition chemicals.

Researchers have found that multiple species of fungus

can all hide away in the same termite mound;

all it takes is looking and smelling similar enough.

There's just one catch to all this protection:

the fungal balls can't sprout with worker termites around.

Researchers think that maybe the termite's saliva keeps them from growing somehow.

When the termites run out of food and relocate to a new colony,

they carry their own eggs,and the fungus, with them.

It's a handy way for the fungus to hitch a ride

and set up camp in a brand new location before its competitors get there.

This next fungus on the list sounds and looks positively frightening.

But it turns out, all its weirdness is just a mushroom living its life.

The bleeding tooth fungus gets its name in part

from the teeth-shaped structures on its underside.

In fact, all members of the hydnoid family of fungi have these structures,

Most mushrooms use gills or pores to release their spores.

You can easily spot the gills if you flip over a portobello.

But hydnoids use teeth instead. And the bleeding part?

That dark red liquid oozing from the mushroom's top

is actually because of the fungus's internal transportation system.

See, fungi transport nutrients and water up from the soil through root-like structures called hyphae.

Under the right conditions, pressure can build up in the hyphae

and push fluid up and out of the pores on the mushroom's surface.

Although there haven't been any studies to figure out exactly why the fluid is red,

one fungi expert we asked thinks the mushroom might add red pigments

to attract insects that help spread its spores;

the same insects that are also attracted to red flowers.

One of the other cool things about these fungi

is how they get their nutrients in the first place.

meaning they form symbiotic relationships with trees like pine or spruce.

The fungi get carbohydrates from the trees and, in return,

they give the tree nitrogen and phosphorus.

And you could say it's quite an intimate relationship.

The fungus's hyphae grow as a layer on the outside of the tree's root tips,

actually growing in between the tree's cells,

so they can easily hand nutrients back and forth with one another.

I'm not sure I'd be comfortable with having a gruesome-looking fungus latched on to me.

But it seems to work out just fine for the trees!

When you think of a wild mushroom, chances are you picture something like the Fly Agaric.

And I know we're supposed to be talking about weird mushrooms, but stick with me.

This iconic mushroom is depicted in everything from

Germanic Christmas decorations to Super Mario.

But its recognizability has as much to do with its chemistry as it does aesthetics.

See, the Fly Agaric's name may not actually refer to insects.

Instead, it may be related to an older usage of the word 'fly',

which could refer to madness or possession.

That's because the world's prettiest, most stereotypical mushroom has hallucinogenic properties.

But they're also kind of toxic, so just in case we have to say it, don't.

There are accounts dating back to at least the 18th century, and perhaps much earlier,

of European and Asian peoples using the mushrooms in religious rituals.

If ingested, the mushrooms cause confusion, dizziness, space distortion,

unawareness of time and hallucinations, followed by drowsiness and fatigue.

The two main compounds responsible are muscimol and ibotenic acid.

They have a chemical structure that's really similar to the neurotransmitter GABA.

to make neurons in the spinal cord and brain less likely to fire.

But they also explain the mushroom's psychedelic effects.

Muscimol and ibotenic acid trigger the release of additional neurotransmitters

dopamine and serotonin, which give those happy feelings.

At least that's what the mice studies have shown.

The funny thing is, these mushrooms are actually trying not to be eaten.

Their distinctive red and white color is a warning to animals that, hey, I'm toxic!

Seems one creature's warning system is another's video game powerup.

This next group of fungi have earned the nickname 'Hulk bugs'.

That's because they seem to have the ability to absorb radiation.

These superhero fungi have been found in areas with some seriously high levels of radiation,

like inside the damaged nuclear reactor at Chernobyl

and even hanging out on the outsides of spacecraft.

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6つの変なキノコ（その他の菌類も (6 Weird Mushrooms (And Other Fungi))

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