Name: 優生学とフランシス・ガルトン科学のクラッシュコースの歴史 #23 (Eugenics and Francis Galton: Crash Course History of Science #23)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:28:23.000Z
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But a few polymaths, like Aristotle and Ibn Sina, picked everything.

Francis Galton, one of the most important thinkers in the generation after Darwin, fell

Galton was a co-founder of a range of scientific disciplines, including meteorology, psychology,

He was an active member of the influential British Association for the Advancement of

Mostly, though, he is remembered for something that we don't even count as science today:

Galton was the father of eugenics, the idea that the gene pool of the human species could

somehow be improved, if certain people with different abilities didn't have kids.

Where did Galton come up with such a terrible idea?

Partly, from the work of his half-cousin.

When Darwin and Wallace proposed their theory

of evolution by natural selection, it was based on observing differences produced by

But we, as short-lived humans, can't observe thousands of years of evolutionary change

So it was hard to know what to do with natural selection.

In the late 1800s, no one really understood how heredity worked.

But many biologists, most notably Herbert Spencer, argued that “survival of the fittest”

applied to humans, just like other species.

So they figured there must be a technical way to use that knowledge…

Spencer, for example, argued against all laws that limited class conflict, which he saw

as tests of fitness—including basic child labor laws.

Spencer's idea, called social Darwinism, influenced a lot of people in the late 1800s.

And one of them was Darwin's younger cousin, Francis Galton.

Born in 1822 to a prominent Quaker family, Galton was a child prodigy.

Like Darwin, Galton was largely self-taught—a “gentleman of science.”

Also, like Darwin, he never did well in school, suffered from nervous breakdowns, and traveled

Unlike Darwin, Galton was not a shy scholar.

He was obsessed with the idea of genius—whether it was a product of good hereditary luck or learning.

For Galton, as for most Victorians, nature

He got this idea from his cousin's hit book.

On the Origin of Species blew Galton's mind.

After 1859, Galton focused on the social implications of Darwin's work.

He argued that an organism's most important characteristics must be biological, rather

than shaped by the environment or experience.

And, like Darwin, he sought evidence for his theory.

The first step was to pick some trait to track over time.

He selected “eminence,” which today you might think of as basically awesomeness.

Galton thought that, if human traits can be inherited, then tracking the descendants of

obviously eminent men—and of course they were men—should show a decreasing level

of eminence over time, as intermarriage with non-eminent people diluted this trait.

So he gathered all of the historical evidence he could on eminent British men and their

descendants, and indeed found that eminence seemed to decrease over time.

The resulting book, Hereditary Genius, published in 1869, contains the first use of the phrase

The book also, by the way, includes a chapter on eminent “Wrestlers of the North Country.”

!!! Hereditary Genius popularized the practice

of historiometry, or studying human traits by tracking ancestry information.

But Galton knew that he was barely scratching the surface of heredity.

So he did what his cousin would have done: he turned to a model from nature.

This time, twins and peas instead of pigeons and barnacles.

In 1875, in the paper, “The history of twins,” he proposed studying twins, which he saw as

By the mid 1900s, twin studies became the foundation of behavioral genetics, or how

Galton realized that twins presented a “natural experiment”: if nature is more powerful

than nurture, then twins should be more similar than not, even if they're raised apart.

But if nurture is more powerful, then twins should behave differently when raised apart.

Galton didn't conduct his own twin studies, but he outlined what future research should look like.

Galton also developed statistical methods to research inheritance, and in doing so,

he created the quantitative science of human behavior.

Galton also started breeding sweet peas, comparing the sizes of the offspring of different seeds.

Galton's work with peas led him to conclude that traits tend toward a statistical average.

Galton couldn't figure out why, but he could use statistics to model the general

pattern of how traits were distributed over time—in this case, in a “normal” distribution,

In 1884, Galton took his pea model to the International Health Exhibition in London.

Visitors to his “Anthropometric Lab” paid to have Galton measure their bodies, minds,

He produced many new instruments in order to measure, for example, eyesight.

Visitors received the results, and Galton also kept a copy to add to his library of

This practice, known as anthropometry—or literally, measuring humans—became common

Galton also pioneered the use of fingerprinting in forensics.

He classified the features that we still look for: loops, whorls, and arches.

Thanks ThoughtBubble. So Galton built on Darwin's work to invent

Because Galton decided that, based on his investigations of inheritance, good traits

such as genius and morality were diluted down to some norm over time.

In 1883, one year after Cousin Chuck passed away, Galton published Inquiries into Human

Faculty and Its Development, in which he coined the term “eugenics”—the discipline of

“good breeding,” or literally making “good families,” in humans.

Galton was not the first to suggest that smart people should have kids with each other, or

What Galton did was argue—based on what he saw as scientific evidence—for the public

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優生学とフランシス・ガルトン科学のクラッシュコースの歴史 #23 (Eugenics and Francis Galton: Crash Course History of Science #23)

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