Name: 17世紀の危機クラッシュ・コース ヨーロッパの歴史 #11 (The 17th Century Crisis: Crash Course European History #11)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:28:13.000Z
Duration: 13 min 30 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

This is Crash Course European History and today we're going to look at what is sometimes

called the “seventeenth century crisis.”

Now I know what you're thinking: This whole history business is just one crisis after

Humankind careens from disaster to disaster, but still we press on, like boats against

the current, and sometimes we even learn from previous disasters.

And since the Seventeenth Century Crisis involves climate change and catastrophic war, we should

[Intro] Let's begin with the Little Ice Age.

The Little Ice Age began in 1300, but it really escalated beginning in 1570 and then the climate

continued to cool for over one hundred years after that.

In some places, the temperature may have shifted two degrees Celsius or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit,

but the average was about half a degree Celsius.

Intense rainfall, lack of sunshine, and lower temperatures decreased harvests or ruined

Europeans suffered hypothermia; the birthrate dropped; and famines became more common--as

In New England, the end of the 17th century was the worst part of the Little Ice Age.

1797 was especially brutal: Settler Samuel Sewell noted in his diary: “To Horses, Swine,

Nett-Cattell, Sheep, and Deer, Ninety and Seven prov'd a Mortal yeer.”

Now, unlike contemporary climate change, the Little Ice Age was not caused primarily by

human behavior--it may have been caused by volcanic activity or orbital cycles or cyclical

We like to think of the Earth's climate as entirely stable, but it never has been.

That said, contemporary climate change IS caused by humans--and even the most ambitious

goals to limit it would result in an average global temperature change of 1.5 degrees celsius,

far higher than the average shifts seen during the catastrophic Little Ice Age.

And something else was also happening in the 17th century that felt as mysterious and strange

as lower temperatures: Higher prices, sometimes called a “price revolution,” that increased

This was caused partly by the growing population we discussed in our last episode, and partly

by inflation--more precious metals were entering Europe, especially due to mining in the Americas,

But this was really baffling for people--I mean, imagine that you're living in Spain

in the 17th century, watching precious metals pour into your country via the New World,

and despite all this new wealth, you're finding it harder to pay for bread, and clothing,

Inflation, like climate, is extremely complex, and also a hugely important historical force.

And so as prices soared and harvests declined, it really did feel like the 17th century might

As one pamphleteer from Spain wrote in 1643: “Every nation is turned upside down, leading

some great minds to suspect that we are approaching the end of the world.”[i]

And then there was the 30 Years War, which unlike the 100 Years War, actually did last

The war, which took place from 1618 to 1648, was tremendously destructive in Central Europe--millions

of people were killed, including many from starvation brought on by the war.

Many different states within the quickly fracturing Holy Roman Empire were involved,

as were France and Sweden and Denmark and England.

The war started in 1618 over, you guessed it, religion.

It began when Ferdinand II, the devotedly Catholic new Hapsburg king of Bohemia, sent

representatives to inform powerful Protestants that Prague and the rest of Bohemia would

Unsurprisingly, the Protestant lords in Prague weren't terribly happy with this news.

In fact, the were so unhappy that they threw Ferdinand's representatives out--literally,

out the window, in the so-called Defenestration of Prague.

Now, this is a famous moment in European history, in part because it's called the Defensetration

of Prague, which is just irresistible, but in part because it was the SECOND defenestration

The first one occured in 1419 and resulted in the deaths of seven people, the second

one, the one we're concerned with now, resulted in the deaths of no people, because all four

of the defenestrated landed in a pile of manure.

Ferdinand's people, of course, called this a divine miracle, while the Protestants were

Soon after the defenestration, Ferdinand II was elected Holy Roman Emperor, which led

the Protestant Czechs to reject him as king of Bohemia, and choose the protestant Frederick

V of the Palitanate to replace him, and then war truly erupted.

The Czechs would be initially defeated by Hapsburg forces in the Battle of White Mountain

in 1620, and the Hapsburg family would in fact rule the area until 1918.

But that didn't settle the war--nor, in fact, did Ferdinand's next victories.

So on the one hand you have the imperial forces,

2. led by the Catholic Hapsburg Ferdinand II,

3. and on the other hand you have protestant Frederick V

4. and his allies among the protestant aristocrats of central Europe.

The Hapsburgs went on to crush Frederick's allies.

In the 1620s, Ferdinand took the Palatinate from the defeated Frederick

7. and awarded it to his Catholic ally, Maximilian of Bavaria.

Ferdinand then awarded other lands to Catholic allies

that had belonged to defeated protestant princes,

10. and he decreed that in conquered territories those who had bought Catholic lands, like

Furthermore, all citizens needed to return to the Catholic Church or else leave their

The Little Ice Age, inflation, and war had crashed the economies,

making it difficult for people to dispose of their property before they moved.

字幕リスト動画再生

17世紀の危機クラッシュ・コースヨーロッパの歴史 #11 (The 17th Century Crisis: Crash Course European History #11)

intense

crisis

average

force

17世紀の危機クラッシュ・コース ヨーロッパの歴史 #11 (The 17th Century Crisis: Crash Course European History #11)

intense

crisis

average

force

17世紀の危機クラッシュ・コースヨーロッパの歴史 #11 (The 17th Century Crisis: Crash Course European History #11)