黄色で書いてはいけない（トム・キブル） - 六十の記号 (Don't Write in Yellow (Tom Kibble) - Sixty Symbols)

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He was a massive figure in the world of theoretical physics.
And many people wouldn't have heard of him.
And yet, I think it'd be fair to say that his work led to the, probably, three Nobel prizes being awarded
- Not to him though? - Not to him
And he could have been involved in so at least two of them...
...I think, he could have, if things would've turned out differently.
He was actually born in 1932 in India, in Madras to...
...I think, British parents who were working over in India.
He came back to Scotland to be educated at college in Scotland.
And he spend his own undergraduate and postgraduate time at Edinburgh University.
And then I think he went over to Caltech, for a period, for a year...
...before securing a position in the Imperial College, back in the late fifties...
...at the Imperial, and he stayed there until he died.
So I knew him through his work on the cosmology.
And that required a knowledge of particle physics, ...
...and that, in turn, requires a detailed knowledge of quantum field theory.
Tom was a pioneer of that field.
The work he developed, the techniques he developed, ...
...have implications not only in particle physics, cosmology, ...
...but also in condensed matter physics.
And so he was able to develop an area of physics...
...which is sort of interface between condensed matter and cosmology...
...as well as his pioneering work involving Higgs particle, ...
...early universe, phase transitions, symmetry breaking, ...
...gravity, and there was one thing I discovered.
He worked in 1961 -- He wrote a paper...
...in which he looked at a modification of general relativity.
I thought, recently, that I been seeing references to this paper of Tom's 1961.
And I just look back in 2015 it had over a hundred citations...
...this paper he wrote.
You know, that's the kind of impact he had across the fields.
He was able to write things and laid dormant for a while and then people realize...
...Wow this is really really impressive stuff.
The first and the one...
...that our Sixty Symbols viewers will know most about is probably the Higgs.
Right? The discovery of the Higgs.
Back in 2012 I think?
Which lead to the Nobel Prize in 2013.
The mechanism, which is known as the Higgs Mechanism...
...was developed independently by 3 groups.
One of those groups involed Tom.
He wrote a paper that was published in...
...Physical Review Letters, and that has become one of...
...the flagship papers that...
...they often cited as being one of their key...
...contributions to their journal.
And he wrote it with his friends, Gulranik and Hagen.
And because of this...
...crazy law or...
...rule, that we've discussed...
...that the Nobel Prize can only go to 3 people, ...
...they decided...
... I guess, they couldn't just give it to...
...Tom and not give it to the other two -- they were giving...
...it to Higgs and Englert, quite rightly.
And so Tom missed out.
Tom wrote a second -- probably even more influential paper-- He...
...actually was the person that demonstrated how...
...you can use this mechanism
...in the proper world of particle physics. And that we...
...knew that one of the...
...key particles in nature is the W and Z vector boson.
These tells us about how the weak interactions behave.
These are very massive particles.
We didn't know how to give these masses, and Tom is the person...
...that actually demonstrated how you do this.
He came up with the actual mathematical...
...formulas and...
...to introduce masses to these particles.
This then, in 1967, ...
...he wrote this paper. So 3 years...
...after the Higgs Mechanism. He applied...
...it to this realistic situation.
Provided the breakthrough that...
...helped Weinberg understand...
...the Standard Model of particle physics.
And Salam.
So Weinberg and Salam shared the Nobel...
...Prize with Sheldon Glashow for the...
...Standard Model of particle physics.
It also had a knock-on effect that the...
...formulas that Tom had developed in this...
...1967 paper, the very mathematical...
...formulas, had helped Hooft and Veltman...
...understand that this model, ...
...Standard Model, was what they...
...call renormalizable.
This means that you can make actual predictions...
...with the model....
...basically. But...
...the formulas that...
...Tom had developed helped them.
They had then got the Nobel Prize as well.
And of course you have the fact that Tom...
...independently had discovered the Higgs mechanism...
...in 1964, which got...
...the Nobel Prize for Higgs and Englert.
So 3 Nobel Prizes came out of...
work directly related to Tom.
I found it...
...kind of the most humbling experience, I think...
...I've seen that day when...
...when the Nobel Prize was announced-- first of all...
...there was a delay. You might recall there was a delay...
...of over an hour when it turned out the delay was...
...that they were trying to find Higgs.
But-- to let him know.
But people would think maybe they told Tom...
...and Tom has turned it down because...
...he would have known that if he got it, his two...
...collaborators wouldn't have got it. But that wasn't the case.
But I have read, ...
...since, that Tom told his son Robert, ...
...that uh...
...he was actually quite relieved not to have got the prize.
Because if he...
...had've got the prize, it would have been at the...
...expense of his close friends and collaborators...
...of the original paper.
Well that's what Tom thought, so you'd have to go with his wishes, ...
...but what do you think of the fact he never got a Nobel Prize?
I mean, he did win a lot of prizes.
He did win a lot of prizes.
He is recognized as being a, you know...
...a giant in his field.
I think it's sad that he didn't get it but I...
...fully appreciate...
...his, his attitude and his--
...I believe it. You know, the day of the--
...when the prizes were announced, he was being interviewed...
...all over the place, and...
...you didn't hear a single word of...
...bitterness, or criticism. The closest...
...it got where it was, he said, ...
...if they have these archaic rules...
...for the Nobel Prize...
...he can't get it. But he--
I knew him quite well; he was a good...
...friend and collaborator and he never, ...
...ever complained...
...or said anything...
...derogatory about...
...the award or the prize.
Never.
What do you think he was bringing to the table that made him so exceptional?
What was his sort of unique selling point, his skill?
- Oh! What a good question! - What was Tom's thing?
Oh, Ok. So, I...
...was actually thinking about this today...
...before coming in. I think...
...a mathematically, incredibly...
...strong. He knew detailed...
...mathematics about areas known as group...
...theory and homotopy theory.
These played essential roles and...
...for example his understanding of group theories and...
...non-abelian gauge theories...
...allowed him to understand how this...
...vector boson could acquire a mass, ...
...for the W, whilst the...
...photon remained massless.
It was Tom that realized this.
And so he brought this...
...very detailed mathematical knowledge...
...of quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, group...
...theory, homotopy theory to the table...
...coupled with...
...this deep understanding of the physical side.
When I worked with him he would always be...
...asking about the...
...physical consequences of...
...a calculation, you know: does it make sense...
...physically? We're dealing with objects that are...
...meant to be in the universe.
Does it make sense?
Can we already rule it out? And so he was a...
...physicist, but with a very strong mathematical bend.
And that, I think, was his...
...unique thing that he-- well other people have it, but...
...he had it in this particular...
...combination which was just right.
He was kind, he was gentle.
He was never afraid to tell you if he thought you were wrong.
He was...
...determined to get things as accurately as possible.
The number of-- you know, I worked with him on quite a few...
...papers. I was privileged to do that, and...
...the number of iterations of papers where...
...we would be discussing words.
There'll be a level of words: are we saying this right?
And the calculations...
...we would check, double check.
He was really rigorous in...
...his approach.
But he had time for everyone. There are so...
...many stories of Tom being...
...sort of...
...people banging on his door when he was head of department...
...at Imperial and coming in almost off the...
...street-- some people -- to tell him...
...their ideas.
And he would listen.
And he would listen to them, and then he would--
He'd probably say, "I don't know."
Rather than dismiss things,
He would always listen. He always had time.
Young scientists, like when I arrived at Imperial as a 24...
...year old, 25 year old.
He had so much time for people, ...
...and to listen and offer them advice.
There is a little story in that that might be worth...
...telling you about.
I got invited to give...
...a seminar at Imperial.
They were considering hiring me for a postdoc.
I was at Newcastle doing a PhD...
...and it wasn't in the area Tom worked.
So I worked really hard at my presentation--
...it was at the time of transparencies.
I made it way too technical, ...
...as new people-- new, fresh PhD. students do, ...
...'cause I was trying to impress.
So I went down and gave this talk and...
...blew everyone away because it was too technical, ...
...apart from the few experts...
...who already knew it.
So it wasn't great.
And then after the talk Tom went off, ...
...he didn't ask any questions....
...he went off to his room because he was head of department.
And my friend Ray Rivest said...
..."well you should go meet Tom, you know, he's...
...a famous guy and you might be-- you might be...
...here as a postdoc". So I went to his office...
...and sat down in his office, and...
...at his table and he smiled, ...
...and he didn't say anything. Nothing.
And I'm thinking, well, OK.
And a few... felt like minutes went by.
And eventually I said well it's me who's come to see him; ...
...I should say something. So I said...
..."Professor Kibble, I know...
...you're a very important person, ...
...I really respect your work, and...
...I would like to know: what did you think?
Have you got any advice for me? I'm just starting."
And he looked at me and went, "Hmm."
"Don't write in yellow."
All my transparencies, ...
...all my equations I had written in yellow.
None of them had projected onto the board.
So every single equation nobody could see.
So not only was it a really technical talk, ...
...nobody could see an equation.
And that was his bit of advice. And then...
...we chatted a bit more and in fact, ...
...we uh, we began a...
...collaborations a couple years later...
...when I returned to the UK.
And well, we had a fantastic time.
Rather than just say, "Your talk was just rubbish," ...
...he just-- "Don't write in yellow."
Did you ever bring that up to him, years later?
Do you remember saying that to me?
I did! He just smiled. As he would.
He...
He would...
Tom...
...wasn't afraid of silence. He didn't...
...feel the need-- he would never try and dominate--
...he hated being the center of attention. He just didn't want it.
But he would always be prepared to tell you...
...you know, ...
...give his thoughts on something if you wanted to know, but...
..so you could go for tea with Tom and not say...
...anything and be fine.
And initially it's a bit...
...felt a bit...
...awkward, but then you realize oh no, it's fine.
And then you'd say something and he'd reply and...
...it was all it was all grand.
You can't... how do you then give it to three more?
Once I realized he hadn't got it, I just texted him and said...
...that I'm very sorry to hear you didn't get it.
I think you deserved it.
And... he replied.
He replied almost immediately.
And he just said, "Thanks very much."
He's such a modest guy.
He didn't say, "I know! That was painful!"