Name: 聞いたことのないようなクールな宇宙ミッション (The Coolest Space Mission You May Have Never Heard Of)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:27:34.000Z
Duration: 5 min 16 s
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This episode of SciShow Space is sponsored by BetterHelp.

Some space missions get a lot of attention

but not all the biggest space exploration

In the mid-1980s, the European Space Agency, or ESA,

comet and capture the first-ever glimpse of a comet's icy core.

And this arguably paved the way for all major missions

This is the story of the Giotto comet mission.

Comets, those chunks of rock and ice hurtling

through space, have long fascinated humans.

Their conspicuous tails of water and dust

One such dirty space snowball that makes the rounds

which passes within sight of Earth every 76 years,

Since astronomer Edmund Halley worked out

that the comet would come back on the regular,

And in 1986, humans finally had the technology to

We now understand that comets are remnants

how our little corner of space came to be.

And so came the Giotto mission, named for

the Italian painter Giotto di Bondone of the

representing the Star of Bethlehem as a comet in his painting,

specifically by the 1301 visit of Halley's comet

a joint effort along with NASA, but budget cuts

Without the assistance of their U.S. counterparts,

the pressure was on: Halley's comet was coming,

ready or not, and would not return again until 2061.

Not an ideal deadline for building a spacecraft.

with its experiments housed in a cylinder

Inside was equipment for photographing the comet,

That very dust would prove a major challenge.

The scientific equipment onboard needed to survive

At that speed, those dust particles would punch through even heavy metal shielding.

And Giotto needed to travel into the dust to photograph the comet's icy nucleus.

Rather than weigh the craft down with super thick metal plating, the team instead shielded

it with one layer of aluminum and one layer of kevlar spaced a few centimeters apart.

Together, the layers could theoretically stop particles as big as 1 gram.

Once Giotto was completed, it was launched on July 2nd, 1985.

Giotto orbited the Earth three times, and then fired its thrusters to head off on its

eight-month journey to intercept Halley's comet.

On March 12th, 1986, its sensors began picking up signs of hydrogen ions being ejected from

A day later, it entered the densest part of the comet's tail.

That's when the photos started coming in.

For the first time, scientists were seeing real images of a comet's nucleus up close.

Over the next two hours, Giotto experienced thousands of dust collisions as it made its

way to within 596 kilometers of Halley's comet.

But about 8 seconds before the craft reached its closest pass, the big one hit -- a one-gram

But over the next half hour, the craft continued sending back spurts of data and images.

Giotto had survived, stabilized itself, and re-established contact with Earth.

It would record its final dust impact 49 minutes after its closest approach, bidding farewell

lIt was so successful, in fact, and so not-yet-out-of-fuel, that after a return pass by Earth for a gravity

assist, Giotto was sent off to study a second comet in 1992.

The Giotto mission provided groundbreaking new data for scientists eager to learn about

comets and the early conditions of our solar system.

In addition to providing the first observations and the first photos of a comet nucleus, it

was Europe's first deep-space mission and the first craft to use Earth's gravity

Giotto provided data that informed subsequent comet missions, including Rosetta — you

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聞いたことのないようなクールな宇宙ミッション (The Coolest Space Mission You May Have Never Heard Of)

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