Name: 変化を捕らえる生物学の執念｜Nishad Matange｜TEDxIISERPune (Biology’s Obsession with Capturing Change | Nishad Matange | TEDxIISERPune)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T09:44:04.000Z
Duration: 15 min 31 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

Welcome to Icer and kudos to the team for putting this event together.

I am a biologist by profession, and that's what I'm going to talk to you about today.

But before I start talking to you about biology, let me confess that biologists love labels.

We come up with all sorts of complicated terms to describe best little sub discipline of biology that be all study.

But biologists, essentially irrespective of what label he or she is hiding behind, is essentially interested in studying one thing right trying to understand life.

We all want to know what it means for foreign organism to be living.

What allows this organism to continue to live, what life used to be like in the past, what it's like today and what it's likely to be in the future.

And like all fundamental things, life is incredibly hard to define, But it's very easy to describe, And so that's the route that we typically take.

We like to understand it by looking at its properties on one of the most ironically unchanging properties of life is its ability to keep changing right.

So what life does all the time is exist in a state of dynamism, constant flux.

And what's amazing about these changes is that they're occurring at all levels of organization, right?

So they're occurring at the level of proteins moving around inside the cells of your body, performing various functions.

They're working at the levels of cells, constantly pulling and pushing stuff in and out of them to ensure that they work the way they're supposed to.

These changes are constantly occurring at the level of tissues cells coming together to form structures that performs specific functions which are constantly being remodeled in your body on their also occurring at the level of the organism.

You as an individual are also constantly changing.

You're responding to the environment both internal and external, and your modifying your behavior, your metabolism, your physiology to suit a particular kind of environment, right?

These kinds of changes are also constantly occurring at the level off communities, which means organisms coming together to perform collective activities.

The Ted X, I suppose in a vent, for example, is a community which is a dynamic community.

People are going to sit and be part of the audience on.

So all biological entities are constantly in the state of flux.

So what biologists really spend all of their time doing is trying to understand how living systems maintain this dynamism right on.

Because you can't let things run unregulated in a living organism.

But as you can imagine, change of any kind, particularly change that occurs with respect.

The time is incredibly hard to pin down simply because it's constantly changing right on dso.

You know, to just give you an idea off the kind of complexity that one is dealing with changes like this.

Proteins flopping around in a cell are occurring over time.

Friends frame frames about nanoseconds, whereas let's say humans evolving from apes is something that took millions of years to occur.

So a biologist is not only trying to capture change at these multiple levels of organization, but is also dealing with these vastly different time frames, right nanoseconds to millions of years, okay, on you know the pain off.

Looking at changing biology is that when presented with something biological, a biologist must look at it in the context off the changes that this entity has been true.

For example, if I were to show you a flower, it would be really easy to describe this flower in its current state, right, its shape, its size, its color so on and so forth.

But a biologist must look at this flower and try to imagine what this flower will be.

Once it's fertilized, it's gonna turn into a fruit, right.

This flower also used to be a mass of cells that looked nothing like a flower and could in principle, have given rise to pretty much any organ in applied.

This flower, evolutionarily speaking, wasn't a flower at all.

It was just a group of cells that performed some completely different function which have been shaped into its current form to serve a certain kind off property or function that this organ of the plant is supposed to play on.

So a biologist really can never dissociate from this constant change that biological systems are undergoing on, of course.

In addition to the slightly academic question off.

You know, understanding life understanding.

Change in biological systems also has its advantages in improving human health.

For example, an oncologist trying to describe trying to prescribe a treatment for a tumor will need to know what this tumor is going to look like over the next year.

If left untreated, right where this tumor came from, you know what it used to look like?

How fast it got to the point where it's got now so that the treatment regimen that's just that's that that is prescribed can be most effective.

Changes in biology have academic value and, of course, also improving.

So having established that change is the only constant in biology, how does the biologist then capture change?

How does the biologists try to understand change?

Well, we do it much in the same way that a filmmaker, for example, tries to capture motion, right.

We essentially just take snapshots, right?

And if you pick enough snapshots, you should have a fairly complete image, a fairly complete picture off the biological entity that you're trying to study.

These snapshots could be photographs taken like this through a microscope or even without a microscope, or could be something slightly more esoteric.

For example, the levels of a particular protein, let's say, in your bloodstream or the levels of a particular protein in the cell.

They could also be things like the sequence off the D N A.

That make up your chromosomes and how that changes over time.

Or it could be the number of organisms of a particular kind in, Let's Say, a Week or a forest right tracked over time.

Until these snapshots, depending on what kind of question is that is being asked, can be a variety of kinds.

But essentially they're snapshots, and they need to be strung together over time to make sense off the biological system as such.

Okay, so, having laid that foundation for biology in general, let me tell you a little bit about what I do.

So I have a laboratory here at Icer Pony on Dhe.

I'm essentially a microbiologist, which means that I study bacteria well.

What I'm really interested to know is how bacteria undergo transformation from being antibiotics susceptible or antibiotic sensitive to antibiotic resistant right now, Several, if you will know that, aunty Bye.

Antibiotic resistance or an antimicrobial resistance is a burning by medical problem today.

You know, infectious agents that were that we could tackle about 10 or 20 years ago very easily with antibiotics.

Today we simply can't because several of those antibiotics have stopped working against these bacteria and trying to understand how bacteria undergo this transformation is therefore potentially going to help us to slow this transformation down.

So how do bacteria go from being drug sensitive to drug resistant?

Well, turns out that this process is essentially akin to what one calls Darwinian evolution right with, UH, a population of bacteria, which are drug sensitive to begin with, sensitive to the antibiotic to begin with when exposed to the antibiotic, eventually become drug resistant right on the way they do.

This is by essentially just enrichment off pre existing variants in any population that are able to withstand the drug better so the more drug a population of bacteria will experience, the greater the chance that they will become resistant simply because they've experienced that much more drug right on.

In that sense, India is at the epicenter of the M R crisis of the antimicrobial resistance crisis on Part of the reason for this is because off the just the quantum of antibiotics that get consumed in this country, right, Not only are we consuming a lot of antibiotics in India, but we're also using them up fairly loosely, right?

So the regulatory guidelines aren't as stringent as they should be on what this means is that we're essentially exposing bacteria pretty much anywhere.

You can think off to antibiotics, which raises the chance that they will eventually evolved to become drug resistant.

Well, we do something called laboratory evolution, right?

Essentially simulating this process off transformation from drug sensitive to drug resistant in the laboratory so that you can study all of its bells and whistles, figure out how various things come together to lead to this change in female type off Delia on, then hopefully come up with a way off slowing this process now.

We start with ah whole lot of cultures off drug sensitive bacteria bacteria that will be killed by the antibiotic, right and then over time, because time is the only constant that we have under our control.

We we exposed these bacteria toe various kinds of antibiotics in various different ways to be able to mimic all of the different niches where bacteria may encounter antibiotics.

These are incredibly variable is I'll tell you in the next life on we continue to do this until these populations that we started off with which remember were drug sensitive have become drug resistant.

Right now, what we do is a bit of detective work.

We essentially traced back how this process occurred, and you no one can ask.

All sorts of interesting questions was with a single step process.

Was it a single step that took the bacterium from drug sensitive to drug resistant with a multi multiple steps involved?

How the changes in the sequence of the D.

That makes up the genetic material of these bacteria.