I am the daughter of a forger,

私の父は偽造者です

not just any forger ...

一般的に偽造者というと

When you hear the word "forger," you often understand "mercenary."

金目当てのものが多く

You understand "forged currency," "forged pictures."

貨幣や絵画の偽造が頭に浮かぶでしょう

My father is no such man.

父の偽造はそんなものではなく

For 30 years of his life,

30年もの間

he made false papers --

偽造文書を作っていました

never for himself, always for other people,

自分のためではなく

and to come to the aid of the persecuted and the oppressed.

迫害や抑圧を受けている人々を 救うためにです

Let me introduce him.

父をご紹介しましょう

Here is my father at age 19.

19歳の頃の父です

It all began for him during World War II,

きっかけは第二次世界大戦のことです

when at age 17 he found himself thrust

当時17歳だった父は

into a forged documents workshop.

偽造文書制作グループに入れられ

He quickly became the false papers expert of the Resistance.

レジスタンスの 文書偽造のエキスパートになりました

And it's not a banal story --

よくある話と違うのは

after the liberation he continued

祖国解放後も70年代まで

to make false papers until the '70s.

父が偽造文書を作り続けたことです

When I was a child

私が幼かった頃

I knew nothing about this, of course.

当然この事は全く知りませんでした

This is me in the middle making faces.

真ん中で変な顔をしているのが私です

I grew up in the Paris suburbs

私はパリ郊外で

and I was the youngest of three children.

３人兄弟の末っ子として育ちました

I had a "normal" dad like everybody else,

みんなと同じように 「普通」のお父さんがいて―

apart from the fact that he was 30 years older than ...

とはいえ父は同級生の親より 30歳も年上で

well, he was basically old enough to be my grandfather.

祖父でも通るほどの年齢でした

Anyway, he was a photographer and a street educator,

写真家であるとともに ストリートエデュケーターであった父は

and he always taught us to obey the law very strictly.

法の遵守については厳しく言う人でした

And, of course, he never talked about his past life

そして一度も偽造者だった過去については

when he was a forger.

話してくれませんでした

There was, however, an incident I'm going to tell you about,

しかし ある出来事をきっかけに

that perhaps could have led me suspect something.

私は父に疑いを抱くようになりました

I was in high school and got a bad grade,

私が高校で悪い成績をとったことがあり

a rare event for me,

滅多にない事なので

so I decided to hide it from my parents.

両親には隠す事にしました

In order to do that, I set out to forge their signature.

そのためには 親のサインを 偽造する必要がありました

I started working on my mother's signature,

私は母親のサインを偽造し始めました

because my father's is absolutely impossible to forge.

父のサインは偽造不可能だったためです

So, I got working. I took some sheets of paper

何枚か紙を用意し 似せるために

and started practicing, practicing, practicing,

何度も何度も練習して ようやく

until I reached what I thought was a steady hand,

安定して上手く書けるようになると

and went into action.

実行に移しました

Later, while checking my school bag,

後日 母が私の学校鞄の中に 宿題を見つけ

my mother got hold of my school assignment and immediately saw that the signature was forged.

すぐさまサインが 偽造された事を見破りました

She yelled at me like she never had before.

母はかつてないほどに 私を怒鳴りつけました

I went to hide in my bedroom, under the blankets,

私は部屋に閉じこもり 布団の中で丸まって

and then I waited for my father to come back from work

父が仕事から帰るのを待ちました

with, one could say, much apprehension.

ただ不安でいっぱいでした

I heard him come in.

父が帰ってきたのが聞こえ

I remained under the blankets. He entered my room,

私はまだ布団の中でした 父は部屋に入ってくると

sat on the corner of the bed,

ベッドの端に座って

and he was silent, so I pulled the blanket from my head,

黙っていたので 私が布団から顔を出すと

and when he saw me he started laughing.

父は私を見て笑い出しました

He was laughing so hard, he could not stop and he was holding my assignment in his hand.

父は私の宿題を手に 笑いが止まらなかったのです

Then he said, "But really, Sarah, you could have worked harder! Can't you see it's really too small?"

それから「もっと上手くできただろう これじゃ小さすぎだよ」と言いました

Indeed, it's rather small.

確かに少し小さかったです

I was born in Algeria.

私はアルジェリアで生まれ

There I would hear people say my father was a "moudjahid"

そこでは父は「ムジャヒッド」と 呼ばれていました

and that means "fighter."

「戦士」という意味です

Later on, in France, I loved eavesdropping on grownups' conversations,

後にフランスに移り 私は大人の話を盗み聴くのが大好きで

and I would hear all sorts of stories about my father's previous life,

父のそれまでの生活に関する あらゆる話を聞きました

especially that he had "done" World War II,

特に第二次世界大戦で 父が「行った」事―

that he had "done" the Algerian war.

アルジェリア戦争で「した」事について

And in my head I would be thinking that "doing" a war meant being a soldier.

戦争を「する」というのは 兵士として戦うことだと考えていましたが

But knowing my father, and how he kept saying that he was a pacifist and non-violent,

父が平和主義者で非暴力を 貫いているのを知っていたので

I found it very hard to picture him with a helmet and gun.

ヘルメットと銃を装備した父の姿は 想像しがたいものでした

And indeed, I was very far from the mark.

実際に その予想ははずれだったのです

One day, while my father was working on a file

ある日 父がフランス国籍を取得するため

for us to obtain French nationality,

ファイルを整理している間に

I happened to see some documents

偶然にいくつかの文書が

that caught my attention.

私の目に止まりました

These are real!

本物ですよ！

These are mine, I was born an Argentinean.

私のものです 私はアルゼンチン生まれだとあります

But the document I happened to see

偶然見つけたこの文書は

that would help us build a case for the authorities

役所に申請するときに役立つようにと

was a document from the army

ある極秘任務のために

that thanked my father for his work

父のした仕事に感謝の意を表して

on behalf of the secret services.

軍から贈られたものでした

And then, suddenly, I went "wow!"

突然のことに私は驚きました

My father, a secret agent?

お父さんはスパイなの？

It was very James Bond.

ジェームズ・ボンドみたい

I wanted to ask him questions, which he didn't answer.

父に聞きたい事がたくさんありましたが 父は答えませんでした

And later, I told myself that

それから いつかは父に聞かなければ

one day I would have to question him.

と自分に言い聞かせました

And then I became a mother and had a son,

それから私は母親となり息子を授かり

and finally decided it was time -- that he absolutely had to talk to us.

ついに父に尋ねるべき時が来たと思いました

I had become a mother

私は母親となって

and he was celebrating his 77th birthday,

父が77歳の誕生日を祝っているときに

and suddenly I was very, very afraid.

急に 私はとてつもない不安に襲われたのです

I feared he'd go

もし父が死んでしまって

and take his silences with him,

話してくれなかったことや

and take his secrets with him.

秘密をそのままに逝ってしまったらと

I managed to convince him that it was important for us,

私たちにとって そして他の人々にとっても

but possibly also for other people

父の物語を知ることが

that he shared his story.

いかに大事かを何とか説得しました

He decided to tell it to me

父は打ち明ける決意をしてくれ

and I made a book,

私は本を書きました

from which I'm going to read you some excerpts later.

後ほど その一部を朗読します

So, his story. My father was born in Argentina.

さて 父の物語です 父はアルゼンチンで生まれました

His parents were of Russian descent.

父の両親はロシア系でした

The whole family came to settle in France in the '30s.

一家は1930年代に フランスに移住しました

His parents were Jewish, Russian and above all, very poor.

父の両親はユダヤ系でロシア人で 何よりとても貧しかったため

So at the age of 14 my father had to work.

父は14歳で働き始めなければ なりませんでした

And with his only diploma,

父が唯一持っているのは

his primary education certificate,

小学校の卒業証書です

he found himself working at a dyer - dry cleaner.

父はドライクリーニング屋の仕事を見つけ

That's where he discovered something totally magical,

そこで魔法を見つけました

and when he talks about it, it's fascinating --

父はその話をすると とても魅力的です

it's the magic of dyeing chemistry.

それは化学染色の魔法です

During that time the war was happening

第二次世界大戦中に

and his mother was killed when he was 15.

父は15歳で母親を亡くしました

This coincided with the time when

この出来事は

he threw himself body and soul into chemistry

父が化学に没頭するきっかけとなりました

because it was the only consolation for his sadness.

それが悲しみを癒す唯一の方法だったのです

All day he would ask many questions to his boss

一日中 師匠にたくさんの質問をして

to learn, to accumulate more and more knowledge,

学び どんどん知識を蓄積しました

and at night, when no one was looking,

そして夜に誰も見ていないところで

he'd put his experience to practice.

練習をして経験を積みました

He was mostly interested in ink bleaching.

父が最も興味を持ったのは インクの漂白でした

All this to tell you

実は父が偽造者となったのは

that if my father became a forger, actually,

実は 父が偽造者となったのは

it was almost by accident.

偶然のようなものでした

His family was Jewish, so they were hounded.

父の家族はユダヤ系だったため 迫害されていました

Finally they were all arrested and taken to the Drancy camp

ついに全員が捕まり ドランシー強制収容所に連行されましたが

and they managed to get out at the last minute thanks to their Argentinean papers.

アルゼンチン人としての証明書のおかげで ぎりぎり脱することができました

Well, they were out,

出られはしたものの

but they were always in danger. The big "Jew" stamp was still on their papers.

常に危険と隣り合わせでした 「ユダヤ人」と大きく文書に残されていたのです

It was my grandfather who decided they needed false documents.

文書偽造をする必要があると 判断したのは祖父でした

My father had been instilled with such respect for the law

父は法を遵守するようにと 教育されてきたので

that although he was being persecuted,

迫害されていたにもかかわらず

he'd never thought of false papers.

文書偽造を考えたこともありませんでした

But it was he who went to meet a man from the Resistance.

しかし レジスタンスから来た ある男性に会いに行ったのは父でした

In those times documents had hard covers,

当時 証明書には堅い表紙がついており

they were filled in by hand,

手書きで

and they stated your job.

職業が書かれていました

In order to survive, he needed

生き延びるためには仕事が必要でした

to be working. He asked the man

父はその男性に「染色業」と

to write "dyer."

書くように頼みました

Suddenly the man looked very, very interested.

男性はにわかに とても興味を抱き

As a "dyer," do you know how to bleach ink marks?

「染色業」なら インクの漂白法 を知っているかと尋ねました

Of course he knew.

もちろん父は知っています

And suddenly the man started explaining that

すると突然 その男性は

actually the whole Resistance had a huge problem:

レジスタンスが抱える 重大な問題について話し始めました

even the top experts

優れた専門家でさえも

could not manage to bleach an ink, called "indelible,"

ウォーターマンの青いインクは 「消えないインク」と言われ

the "Waterman" blue ink.

漂白できたためしがないと言うのです

And my father immediately replied that he knew exactly

父はただちに 「自分はその漂白法を知っている」

how to bleach it.

と答えました

Now, of course, the man was very impressed with this young man of 17

すると男性はこの技術を 即座に教えてくれるという

who could immediately give him the formula, so he recruited him.

弱冠17歳の若者に いたく感心し採用しました

And actually, without knowing it, my father had invented something

そして知らず知らずのうちに 父は色々な発明をしました

we can find in every schoolchild's pencil case:

学校に通う子供たちの筆箱に入っている

the so-called "correction pen."

修正ペンがそのひとつです

(Applause)

(拍手)

But it was only the beginning.

それは始まりに過ぎませんでした

That's my father.

これは父です

As soon as he got to the lab,

研究室を与えられると

even though he was the youngest,

１番若かったにもかかわらず

he immediately saw that there was a problem with the making of forged documents.

父はすぐに偽造文書制作に 問題があることを理解しました

All the movements stopped at falsifying.

そこですべての活動が停まってしまうのです

But demand was ever-growing

需要は伸びる一方で

and it was difficult to tamper with existing documents.

既存の文書を改ざんすることは 難しいとわかりました

He told himself it was necessary to make them from scratch.

父はゼロから文書を作成する事にし

He started a press. He started photoengraving.

プレス機や写真製版―

He started making rubber stamps.

ゴム印も作り始めました

He started inventing all kind of things --

父のあらゆる発明品の中には

with some materials he invented a centrifuge using a bicycle wheel.

自転車の車輪を使った 遠心分離機もあります

Anyway, he had to do all this

父は制作する事に取り憑かれており

because he was completely obsessed with output.

とにかく全てをやる必要がありました

He had made a simple calculation:

父は単純な計算をしました

In one hour he could make 30 forged documents.

１時間で30通の偽造文書が作成できます

If he slept one hour, 30 people would die.

もし１時間寝たら 30人の命が奪われるかもしれません

This sense of

17歳にして

responsibility for other people's lives when he was just 17 --

他の人々の命に対する 責任を感じていました

and also his guilt for being a survivor,

そして友人が逃げる事が できなかった収容所から

since he had escaped the camp when his friends had not --

自分は逃げたという生存者としての罪悪感を

stayed with him all his life.

感じながら生きていました

And this is maybe what explains why, for 30 years,

それが おそらく30年もの間

he continued to make false papers

あらゆるものを犠牲にして

at the expense of all kinds of sacrifices.

証明書の偽造を続けてきた理由でしょう

I'd like to talk about those sacrifices,

それには多くの

because there were many.

犠牲を伴いました

There were obviously financial sacrifices

報酬は受け取らなかったため

because he always refused to be paid.

金銭的な犠牲を払っていました

To him, being paid would have meant being a mercenary.

父にとって支払いを受ける事は 卑しい事でした

If he had accepted payment,

もし支払いを受けるようになったら

he wouldn't be able to say "yes" or "no"

偽造をするのに正当かどうかに応じて

depending on what he deemed a just or unjust cause.

やるかどうかを選ぶ事ができなくなります

So he was a photographer by day,

30年もの間 父は日中は写真家で

and a forger by night for 30 years.

夜は偽造者だったのです

He was broke all of the time.

父はいつもお金に困っていました

Then there were the emotional sacrifices:

それから感情的な犠牲もありました

How can one live with a woman while having so many secrets?

妻にも話せない秘密を抱えて どうやって一緒に暮らせるでしょう？

How can one explain what one does at night in the lab, every single night?

毎晩 実験室にこもっている理由を どう説明したらいいのでしょう？

Of course, there was another kind of sacrifice

他に家族を巻き込んでの犠牲もありました

involving his family that I understood much later.

私はずっと後になって知りました

One day my father introduced me to my sister.

ある日 父が私に姉を紹介してくれました

He also explained to me that I had a brother, too,

それから兄がいる事も説明してくれました

and the first time I saw them I must have been three or four,

初めて兄と姉と会った時には 私は３歳か４歳でしたが

and they were 30 years older than me.

彼らは私より30歳も年上でした

They are both in their sixties now.

２人とも今は60代です

In order to write the book,

本を書くために

I asked my sister questions. I wanted to know who my father was,

姉の知っている父はどんな人であったか

who was the father she had known.

姉に尋ねてみました

She explained that the father that she'd had

姉の知っている父は 「日曜日にみんなを迎えに来るから

would tell them he'd come and pick them up on Sunday to go for a walk.

一緒に散歩に行こう」と言って

They would get all dressed up and wait for him,

家族がお洒落をして待っていると

but he would almost never come.

ほとんど来ないような人だったそうです

He'd say, "I'll call." He wouldn't call.

「電話するよ」と言っても電話はなく

And then he would not come.

顔を見せることもありませんでした

Then one day he totally disappeared.

そして ある日ついに姿を消しました

Time passed,

時が経って

and they thought he had surely forgotten them,

もう自分たちは忘れられてしまったに違いない

at first.

と思っていたそうです

Then as time passed,

さらに時間が経つと

at the end of almost two years, they thought,

２年目が終わる頃から

"Well, perhaps our father has died."

「父はたぶん死んだのだろう」と思っていました

And then I understood

そして私は父の過去について

that asking my father so many questions

色々聞くことで おそらく 辛くて父が話したくないような

was stirring up a whole past he probably didn't feel like talking about

過去をかきまわすことになることに

because it was painful.

気がつきました

And while my half brother and sister thought they'd been abandoned,

私の異母兄弟が見捨てられ 孤児になったと感じていた時

orphaned,

私の異母兄弟が見捨てられ 孤児になったと感じていた時

my father was making false papers.

父は偽造文書を作っていたのです

And if he did not tell them, it was of course to protect them.

父が家族にも話さなかったのは 家族を守るためでした

After the liberation he made false papers

解放後も父は偽造文書を作り

to allow the survivors of concentration camps to immigrate to Palestine

強制収容所で生き延びた人々が イスラエル建国前の

before the creation of Israel.

パレスチナに向かえるようにしました

And then, as he was a staunch anti-colonialist,

父は断固とした反植民地主義者だったので

he made false papers for Algerians during the Algerian war.

アルジェリア戦争のときは アルジェリア人のために偽造文書を作りました

After the Algerian war,

アルジェリア戦争後は

at the heart of the international resistance movements,

国際的なレジスタンス運動の広がりの中で

his name circulated

彼の名前は知られることとなり

and the whole world came knocking at his door.

世界中の人々が彼を訪ねて来ました

In Africa there were countries fighting for their independence:

アフリカでは国々が 独立のために闘っていました

Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Angola.

ギニア、ギニアビサウ、アンゴラなど

And then my father connected with Nelson Mandela's anti-apartheid party.

父はネルソン・マンデラの 反アパルトヘイト政党と関係を持ち

He made false papers for persecuted black South Africans.

迫害されている南アフリカ人のために 偽造文書を作りました

There was also Latin America.

ラテンアメリカでは

My father helped those who resisted dictatorships

独裁政権に反対する人々を助けました