They go to see Michelangelo's "David,"

アメリカ人 ダチ2人でイタリア旅行

and when they finally come face to face with the statue,

ミケランジェロの「ダビデ像」を見に行った

they both freeze dead in their tracks.

ご対面で見事

The first guy -- we'll call him Adam --

2人揃って立ちすくんだ

is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form.

1人目 アダムは

The second guy -- we'll call him Bill --

人間の完成美に ただただ愕然

is transfixed by embarrassment, at staring at the thing there in the center.

2人目 ビルは

So here's my question for you:

真ん中のモノに ただただ狼狽

which one of these two guys was more likely to have voted for George Bush,

さて ここで質問です

which for Al Gore?

どちらがジョージ・ブッシュに投票するでしょう？

I don't need a show of hands

またどちらがアル・ゴアに

because we all have the same political stereotypes.

挙手はけっこうです

We all know that it's Bill.

政治的ステレオタイプは似たり寄ったりですから

And in this case, the stereotype corresponds to reality.

言うまでもなく ビルですよね

It really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives

この場合 ステレオタイプと現実は一致します

on a major personality trait called openness to experience.

リベラル派の方が 性格特性の1つ―

People who are high in openness to experience

開放性が段違いに高いのです

just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.

開放性が高いと こういうのを求めます

People low on it like things that are familiar, that are safe and dependable.

目新しさ 変化 広がり 新思想 旅行

If you know about this trait,

低いと 慣れた安全で信頼できるものを好みます

you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior.

これを押さえておくと

You can understand why artists are so different from accountants.

人間行動の 多くの謎が解けます―

You can actually predict what kinds of books they like to read,

なぜ芸術家と会計士が かくも違うのか...

what kinds of places they like to travel to,

彼らの好む本や

and what kinds of food they like to eat.

好きな旅行先

Once you understand this trait, you can understand

食べ物の好みなどが予想できます

why anybody would eat at Applebee's, but not anybody that you know.

すると分かります　皆さんの周りが

(Laughter)

人気ファミレス"Applebee's"に行かない理由が

This trait also tells us a lot about politics.

（笑）

The main researcher of this trait, Robert McCrae says that,

この特性は政治にも影響します

"Open individuals have an affinity for liberal, progressive, left-wing political views" --

研究の第一人者ロバート・マクレイ曰く

they like a society which is open and changing --

“開放的な人がリベラル派 進歩 左派を好むのに対し”

"whereas closed individuals prefer conservative, traditional, right-wing views."

オープンで変化する社会ですね

This trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join.

“閉鎖的な人は保守派 伝統 右派を好む”

So here's the description of a group I found on the Web.

この特性は 参加グループにも影響します

What kinds of people would join a global community

こんなコミュニティをネットで見つけたのですが

welcoming people from every discipline and culture,

どんな人が参加しているのでしょう？

who seek a deeper understanding of the world,

“人類の より良い未来のため

and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all?

より深く世界を理解したい方は

This is from some guy named Ted.

分野や文化を問わず 大歓迎！”

(Laughter)

えぇ これTEDが書いてました

Well, let's see now, if openness predicts who becomes liberal,

（笑）

and openness predicts who becomes a TEDster,

さて開放性が リベラルや

then might we predict that most TEDsters are liberal?

TED人間になる 決め手なら

Let's find out.

大抵のTED人間はリベラル？

I'm going to ask you to raise your hand, whether you are liberal, left of center --

調べてみましょう

on social issues, we're talking about, primarily --

先程の社会問題に対して

or conservative, and I'll give a third option,

リベラル／中道左派か

because I know there are a number of libertarians in the audience.

保守派かそれから

So, right now, please raise your hand --

会場に多い自由主義派かで聞きます

down in the simulcast rooms, too,

いきますよ 手を挙げてください

let's let everybody see who's here --

放送室の方もいいですか

please raise your hand if you would say that you are liberal or left of center.

では いきます

Please raise your hand high right now. OK.

リベラル派／中道左派の方？

Please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian.

高く挙げてください

OK, about a -- two dozen.

では自由主義派の方？

And please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative.

はい...約25人ですね

One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.

では保守派／中道右派の方？

OK. This is a bit of a problem.

1 2 3 4 5... 約8人か10人ですね

Because if our goal is to understand the world,

ふむ これはいささか厄介です…

to seek a deeper understanding of the world,

TEDのゴールが “より深く世界を理解”

our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder.

することなら

Because when people all share values, when people all share morals,

モラルの多様性に欠けるとまずいのです

they become a team, and once you engage the psychology of teams,

同じ価値観やモラルの人が集まると

it shuts down open-minded thinking.

チームが生まれます　チーム心理が芽生えると―

When the liberal team loses, as it did in 2004,

柔軟な思考を妨げます

and as it almost did in 2000, we comfort ourselves.

2004年や おおかた2000年のように敗れると

(Laughter)

リベラル・チームは慰め合います

We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team.

（笑）

We think they must be blinded by religion, or by simple stupidity.

アメリカ半分が 別チームに投票した弁明をします

(Laughter)

神がかりにあったかノータリンなんだろう…と話します

(Applause)

（笑）

So, if you think that half of America votes Republican

（拍手）

because they are blinded in this way,

ホントにそんな理由で 共和党を

then my message to you is that you're trapped in a moral matrix,

支持しているとお考えなら

in a particular moral matrix.

失礼ですが モラル・マトリックスに

And by the matrix, I mean literally the matrix, like the movie "The Matrix."

引っかかっていますよ

But I'm here today to give you a choice.

まさに映画「マトリックス」の”マトリックス”です

You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions,

だが 今日ここで選択肢をあげよう

or you can take the red pill,

この青を飲めば 甘美な妄想は続く

learn some moral psychology and step outside the moral matrix.

この赤を飲めば

Now, because I know --

モラル心理学の何たるかと

(Applause) --

モラル・マトリックスの外を覗かせよう

OK, I assume that answers my question.

（拍手）

I was going to ask you which one you picked, but no need.

…多数決を

You're all high in openness to experience, and besides,

するまでもありませんね

it looks like it might even taste good, and you're all epicures.

皆さん さすが開放性が高い！

So anyway, let's go with the red pill.

それに美食家ですね　赤おいしそう

Let's study some moral psychology and see where it takes us.

ともあれ 赤を飲みましょう

Let's start at the beginning.

モラル心理学入門のはじまり

What is morality and where does it come from?

ここから始めましょう

The worst idea in all of psychology

モラリティとは？どこから来るのか？

is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

心理学上最悪の見解は

Developmental psychology has shown

“誕生時 精神は真っ白” です

that kids come into the world already knowing so much

発達心理学は こう示しています

about the physical and social worlds,

人は物理・社会的な知識を

and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things

多く備えて誕生するため

and hard to learn others.

ある種のものは容易に習得できるが

The best definition of innateness I've ever seen --

その逆も然りである

this just clarifies so many things for me --

脳科学者ゲイリー・マーカスが

is from the brain scientist Gary Marcus.

非常に納得のいく

He says, "The initial organization of the brain does not depend that much on experience.

”生得性”の定義をしています

Nature provides a first draft, which experience then revises.

“脳の初期構造は さして経験に根付いていない

Built-in doesn't mean unmalleable;

先天性が初稿を書き 経験が改訂する

it means organized in advance of experience."

生来は普遍とは違う―

OK, so what's on the first draft of the moral mind?

それは経験と共に編さんされる”

To find out, my colleague, Craig Joseph, and I

ではモラルの初稿には何が？

read through the literature on anthropology,

私は同僚のクレイグ・ジョセフと共に

on culture variation in morality

人類学の文献を読みました

and also on evolutionary psychology, looking for matches.

モラル思考様式の差異を調べ

What are the sorts of things that people talk about across disciplines?

進化心理学の文献を読み漁りました

That you find across cultures and even across species?

宗教を超えた普遍的なテーマとは？

We found five -- five best matches,

文化や種を超えた共通点は?

which we call the five foundations of morality.

そして 5つのものに行き当たりました

The first one is harm/care.

5つのモラリティの根源です

We're all mammals here, we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming

1. 危害／親切

that makes us really bond with others, care for others,

人間は神経やホルモンの働きもあって

feel compassion for others, especially the weak and vulnerable.

絆を結んだり 慕ったりします

It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm.

弱いものには同情します

This moral foundation underlies about 70 percent

加害者には 強い感情を抱きます

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

TEDで耳にする モラル発言の

The second foundation is fairness/reciprocity.

7割はこれに根差しています

There's actually ambiguous evidence

2. 公正さ／互恵関係

as to whether you find reciprocity in other animals,

他の動物に 互恵関係が

but the evidence for people could not be clearer.

認められるかは曖昧ですが

This Norman Rockwell painting is called "The Golden Rule,"

人間に限って言えば 絶対です

and we heard about this from Karen Armstrong, of course,

この絵は ノーマン・ロックウェルの「黄金律」です

as the foundation of so many religions.

絵の中には カレン・アームストロングの

That second foundation underlies the other 30 percent

宗教の根底を表す言葉があります

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

TEDのモラル発言の

The third foundation is in-group/loyalty.

残り3割はこれです

You do find groups in the animal kingdom --

3. グループ性／忠誠

you do find cooperative groups --

動物界にも群れは存在しますが

but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings.

しかし これらは全て―

It's only among humans that you find very large groups of people

小規模集団か血縁集団です

who are able to cooperate, join together into groups,

巨大な集団を結成し

but in this case, groups that are united to fight other groups.

一丸となるのは人間だけです

This probably comes from our long history of tribal living, of tribal psychology.

戦争には 部族生活と同族意識の

And this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable

長い歴史が背景にあるのでしょう

that even when we don't have tribes,

同族意識は心地よく―

we go ahead and make them, because it's fun.

私達は ことあるごとに

(Laughter)

嬉々として部族を結成します

Sports is to war as pornography is to sex.

（笑）

We get to exercise some ancient, ancient drives.

スポーツと戦争は ポルノと性交の関係と同じです

The fourth foundation is authority/respect.

太古からの欲望を満たしてくれます

Here you see submissive gestures from two members of very closely related species.

4. 権威／尊敬

But authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality,

霊長類が服従を示していますが

as it is in other primates.

人間にとっての権威は

It's based on more voluntary deference,

力や残忍性にでなく

and even elements of love, at times.

自発的な敬意に基づきます

The fifth foundation is purity/sanctity.

時には愛の要素も入ります

This painting is called "The Allegory Of Chastity,"

5. 純粋さ／高潔さ

but purity's not just about suppressing female sexuality.

この絵は「The Allegory Of Chastity」です

It's about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea

ここでの純粋さは 女性の純潔だけでなく

that tells you that you can attain virtue

自分の体になす行為の制御ー

by controlling what you do with your body,

摂取するものの制御は

by controlling what you put into your body.

美徳だとする―

And while the political right may moralize sex much more,

価値体系や思想のことです

the political left is really doing a lot of it with food.

右派が性のモラルにこだわるよう

Food is becoming extremely moralized nowadays,

左派は食のモラルにこだわります

and a lot of it is ideas about purity,

最近目立つ 食のモラル化は

about what you're willing to touch, or put into your body.

この純粋さが

I believe these are the five best candidates

関係しています

for what's written on the first draft of the moral mind.

以上5つが モラルの初稿に

I think this is what we come with, at least

書かれていると思います

a preparedness to learn all of these things.

少なくとも

But as my son, Max, grows up in a liberal college town,

この5つを備えて誕生するはずです

how is this first draft going to get revised?

リベラルな大学都市に暮らす息子の初稿は

And how will it end up being different

どう改訂されていくでしょう？

from a kid born 60 miles south of us in Lynchburg, Virginia?

100キロ先のバージニア州リンチバーグで育つのと

To think about culture variation, let's try a different metaphor.

どんな差が出るのでしょう？

If there really are five systems at work in the mind --

こう考えてみてください

five sources of intuitions and emotions --

精神上に 直感や感情の源が

then we can think of the moral mind

5系統あるなら

as being like one of those audio equalizers that has five channels,

モラルは5チャンネルの

where you can set it to a different setting on every channel.

イコライザーと言えます

And my colleagues, Brian Nosek and Jesse Graham, and I,

各チャンネルは個々に設定できます

made a questionnaire, which we put up on the Web at www.YourMorals.org.

私は同僚のブライアン・ノセクと ジェシー・グラハムと共に

And so far, 30,000 people have taken this questionnaire, and you can too.

アンケートを作りここに公開しました www.YourMorals.org.

Here are the results.

既に3万人が回答しています

Here are the results from about 23,000 American citizens.

こちらが結果です

On the left, I've plotted the scores for liberals;

アメリカ国民 23,000人のデータです

on the right, those for conservatives; in the middle, the moderates.

左から リベラル派

The blue line shows you people's responses

穏便派　保守派です

on the average of all the harm questions.

青から見ていきます

So, as you see, people care about harm and care issues.

青は危害系の平均スコアです

They give high endorsement of these sorts of statements

皆関心がありますね

all across the board, but as you also see,

三派とも強い支持を示しています

liberals care about it a little more than conservatives -- the line slopes down.

比較すると

Same story for fairness.

リベラル派の関心の方が上です

But look at the other three lines.

緑の公正さも同様です

For liberals, the scores are very low.

残りの3つにご注目ください

Liberals are basically saying, "No, this is not morality.

リベラル派のスコアは低いです

In-group, authority, purity -- this stuff has nothing to do with morality. I reject it."

リベラル派は “グループ性 権威 純粋さは

But as people get more conservative, the values rise.

モラルではない！”と言っています

We can say that liberals have a kind of a two-channel,

保守的になるほどスコアは上がります

or two-foundation morality.

リベラルな人は2チャンネル

Conservatives have more of a five-foundation,

2つのモラリティの根源を持ち

or five-channel morality.

保守的な人は 5つのモラリティの根源

We find this in every country we look at.

5チャンネルを持つわけです

Here's the data for 1,100 Canadians.

国が違っても同じです

I'll just flip through a few other slides.

カナダ人 1,100人のデータです

The U.K., Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Eastern Europe,

いくつかスライドをご覧に入れます　イギリス…

Latin America, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.

オーストラリアとニュージーランド 西ヨーロッパ 東ヨーロッパです

Notice also that on all of these graphs,

ラテンアメリカ 中東 東アジア 南アジアです

the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity.

お気づきでしょうか

Which shows that within any country,

どの国でも 同じ3線が急勾配です

the disagreement isn't over harm and fairness.

逆に言えば危害 公正さに

Everybody -- I mean, we debate over what's fair --

意見の相違はありません

but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter.

この2つが重要という点においては

Moral arguments within cultures

皆の意見が一致しています

are especially about issues of in-group, authority, purity.

モラル論争の主なテーマは

This effect is so robust that we find it no matter how we ask the question.

グループ性 権威 純粋さの3点です

In one recent study,

どう質問しても 相違は顕著に表れます

we asked people to suppose you're about to get a dog.

これはどうでしょう

You picked a particular breed,

犬を飼うとしましょう

you learned some new information about the breed.

好きな犬種を選びました

Suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent-minded,

その犬種の特性を調べたら

and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal?

独立心旺盛で 飼い主を

Well, if you are a liberal, you say, "Hey, that's great!"

対等視することが分かりました

Because liberals like to say, "Fetch, please."

リベラル派なら “まあ 素敵！”　犬相手でも

(Laughter)

公平に “取って来て下さい！”

But if you're conservative, that's not so attractive.

（笑）

If you're conservative, and you learn that a dog's extremely loyal

保守派なら こんな犬はごめんです

to its home and family, and doesn't warm up quickly to strangers,

保守派は 飼い主や家には忠実で

for conservatives, well, loyalty is good -- dogs ought to be loyal.

他人を警戒する犬がいい

But to a liberal, it sounds like this dog

“犬たるもの忠実であれ" です

is running for the Republican nomination.

ところがリベラル派にはそんな犬…

(Laughter)

共和党に立候補しそうで恐ろしい

So, you might say, OK,

（笑）

there are these differences between liberals and conservatives,

こうお思いでしょう？　“なるほど...

but what makes those three other foundations moral?

リベラル派と保守派が違うのは分かった”