back with another lesson

on the mmEnglish Youtube channel.

Now in English, we say

"The school is on Bay Street."

Not "The school is at Bay Street."

"They live at 10 Park Road."

Not "She lives in 10 Park Road."

"The museum is in the city."

Not "The museum is on the city."

"I live at 300 King Street,

in an apartment, on the fourth floor."

These little words can cause lots of headaches

if English is not your first language.

They're called prepositions

and there are lots of them in English.

In, on, at,

by, with, for,

over, under,

of, to.

They all help to give information about the time,

location or direction in your English sentences.

in, on, at

and by

In this lesson,

we'll take a closer look at these

small but very common,

very useful English words.

And we'll concentrate on how you can use them

to give information about

the place or location of something.

Now, the bad news is

that there's no clear

way of knowing which preposition you need to use.

In fact,

different prepositions can be used with the same words

but this can change the meaning of

your sentence.

Am I at the car?

At the location of the car?

Am I in the car?

Or am I on the car?

All of these sentences are okay

but the meaning is different in each question.

Most of the time,

you can't just guess the correct preposition.

It's not really a good strategy

to improve your English

- unless you're a really lucky person!

The worst way to try and learn prepositions

is to translate them from your native language.

This can cause lots of problems.

Prepositions must be learned in chunks of words

or called collocations.

Groups of words that are often used together.

Like, "In the morning."

"At night."

"It depends on... (something)"

"He's keen on football."

Learning this way will help you to make

fewer mistakes with prepositions .

Instead,

pay attention to how native speakers

use these prepositions.

How are they used in the newspaper articles

that you read or stories?

What words are they used with?

And pay close attention to the general rules

that I'll teach you in this lesson,

so that you can make

the right choices

when choosing prepositions of place.

Let's get started with

"in"

Now the best way to think about the preposition, "in"

is being within something

inside the edges of something.

So let's start really simply with containers or spaces

that are enclosed.

I've got the key in my pocket.

There's some milk in the fridge.

She left it in the top drawer.

There's nothing left in my cup.

Now, it's easy to think about all of these examples

as being inside something

because the edges are really clear.

You can see inside them.

There's a clear inside and an outside.

Right?

Take our earlier example,

I'm in the car.

The car has clear edges,

I'm definitely inside the edges of the car.

We can use "in" with buildings or rooms

and places that can surround a person or an object

on all sides.

Can you take a seat in the waiting room please?

I've left my bag in your office.

Why don't we have a picnic in the park?

But there are lots of times when you need to

use this preposition

when the edges are less clear.

So for example,

with areas or regions or cities and towns.

I'm filming this video in Spain.

I grew up in Melbourne.

Holidaying in France is easy if you speak French!

Regolisa is a small village in the mountains.

We're going for a drive in the country.

Lots of people were swimming in the lake.

Now, all of these nouns

have borders or edges,

even if they're not really obvious or clear.

We can physically be located

inside the edges of this space.

Now when talking about groups of people,

you can often use "in".

She works in the finance team,

surrounded by people.

He got selected to play in the national team.

But there's an exception for important high-level groups

where members are often elected.

He's on the board.

Or they're on the committee,

or on the council.

We can also use "in" with liquids and other substances

to show what they contain.

Careful! There's a lot of chilli in that sauce.

There's too much sugar in soft drinks.

Do you have milk in your coffee?

Now the preposition "on"

is used to talk about the position of something

on surfaces

or things that can be thought-of as surfaces

like walls or tables.

My phone is on the table.

You can see a painting on the wall behind me.

We live on the fourth floor of the building.

Can you write it on that piece of paper?

He's spilled ice cream on his new jumper!

Now, keep thinking about this idea of

flat surfaces

because it includes roads and streets

and rivers.

The supermarket is on the corner of Martin Street .

Nice is on the south coast of France.

Now the idea of flat surfaces also includes water,

so rivers, oceans, lakes.

What's that on the water?

Floating on the water.

We'll take you out on the lake,

- in our boat.

We'll be on the lake, in our boat.

Okay, now let's talk about the preposition "at".

It's used to talk about specific places or points in space.

Sarah's still at school.

I'll meet you at the bus stop.

Turn left at the traffic light.

Now it's also used with public places and shops.

For example,

I studied design at college or school or university.

Let's meet at the station.

We have to stop at the supermarket on the way home.

There was a crazy guy at the library today.

We also use it with addresses.

They live at 14 Eagle Road.

I'll meet you at the corner

of Beach Street and Park Road.

I had a coffee at Helen's house.

At her house, right?

Careful, not to confuse the preposition with another,

"with".

I had a cup of coffee with Helen.

That means Helen, the person,

not Helen's house.

We can use "at" with events.

We met at a party.

He's speaking at a conference later this week.

So in all of these examples,

the preposition "at" is used to talk about

specific places or points in space.

Okay I went through quite a few examples there,

but let's just stop and review the rules for a minute.

"At" is one-dimensional.

Think of a map.

When you're looking at a map, you're referring to a

specific place or position in space.

"On" is more two-dimensional.

You have a flat surface

and you're referring to the position of

something or someone

in relation to that surface.

So you're recognising the space around you

a little more when you're using that preposition.

Now "in" is the sort of

three-dimensional preposition.

So when you use it,

you need to think about

the position of something

in relation to what surrounds it.

Now of course,

there are grey areas and many exceptions

that will make you

scratch your head and wonder, what?!

When you hear that expression, "grey areas"

it means that something is

unclear.

It's not black and it's not white,

it's somewhere in the middle

but we don't know exactly where

- it's unclear.

That's a very common expression.

Now there are many grey areas for prepositions

when you're talking about

the place or the location of something.

It's on the corner.

Or it's at the corner.

These two examples mean almost the same thing.

The museum is on the south side of the city.

So this expression, on the south side

or on the right side

or on the left side,

it always uses the preposition "on".

Your seat is on the left side.

Now I said before that Nice

is on the south coast of France

but Nice is also in the south of France.

Now there is a difference here

when we're referring to the flat surface

and the region or the area.

So it's that spatial difference.

On the south coast

or in the south of France.

It's a little hard to get your head around, right?

But France is a space that has edges.

It's enclosed so we use "in".

I'll see you at Melanie's house.

So that's the place right?

But I'll meet you in the kitchen.

It's an enclosed room or enclosed space.

I'll meet you at the corner of Beach Street and Park Road.

I saw it in the corner of the room.

So that's an enclosed space, right?

How about this one?

Write it on the paper

in your notebook,

at the top of the page

or in the corner.

We say I'm in the car

and I'm on the bus or the train.

So there are also times when you can use

two different prepositions

and the meaning is actually really similar

especially between "at" and "on"

Sarah's still in school.

Or Sarah is still at school.

Now these sentences mean almost exactly

the same thing.

"In" school suggests that Sarah is

inside the school buildings.

She's a student, she's learning there.

"At" suggests that she's at the location of the school

but she could be inside a building or outside

and she's not necessarily a student either.

She could be a parent visiting the school, for example.

I think they're at the beach

Or I think they're on the beach.

At the beach is the place.