字幕表 動画を再生する
-
The global economic financial crisis has reignited public interest
翻訳: Tomomi Anzai 校正: Emi Kamiya
-
in something that's actually one of the oldest questions in economics,
世界的な金融危機を受けて また関心を集めていることがあります
-
dating back to at least before Adam Smith.
経済学においては最も古く 少なくとも ―
-
And that is, why is it that countries with seemingly similar economies and institutions
アダム・スミス以前から続く問いです
-
can display radically different savings behavior?
「経済活動や制度が類似する国々で 貯蓄行動が大いに異なるのは何故か」
-
Now, many brilliant economists have spent their entire lives working on this question,
「経済活動や制度が類似する国々で 貯蓄行動が大いに異なるのは何故か」
-
and as a field we've made a tremendous amount of headway
聡明な経済学者たちが一生をかけ 答えを追求してきました
-
and we understand a lot about this.
その甲斐あって 議論は大きく前進してきましたし
-
What I'm here to talk with you about today is an intriguing new hypothesis
多くのことが明らかになりました
-
and some surprisingly powerful new findings that I've been working on
今日ご紹介するのは 私が研究している新たな仮説と
-
about the link between the structure of the language you speak
言語の構造と 貯蓄傾向の関連性についての
-
and how you find yourself with the propensity to save.
言語の構造と 貯蓄傾向の関連性についての
-
Let me tell you a little bit about savings rates, a little bit about language,
驚くほど大きな新発見です
-
and then I'll draw that connection.
貯蓄率や言語について 簡単に説明した後
-
Let's start by thinking about the member countries of the OECD,
その 関連性を紐解いていきます
-
or the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development.
まずは OECD 経済協力開発機構の ―
-
OECD countries, by and large, you should think about these
加盟国について考えてみましょう
-
as the richest, most industrialized countries in the world.
OECD諸国は概して 裕福な先進工業国と言えるでしょう
-
And by joining the OECD, they were affirming a common commitment
OECD諸国は概して 裕福な先進工業国と言えるでしょう
-
to democracy, open markets and free trade.
また OECDに加盟する以上 民主主義や自由市場 ―
-
Despite all of these similarities, we see huge differences in savings behavior.
自由貿易に取り組むという 意思を表明しています
-
So all the way over on the left of this graph,
こうした共通点はありますが 貯蓄傾向は大きく異なっています
-
what you see is many OECD countries saving over a quarter of their GDP every year,
このグラフの左の方をご覧いただくと
-
and some OECD countries saving over a third of their GDP per year.
多くのOECD諸国では毎年 GDPの4分の1以上を貯蓄しています
-
Holding down the right flank of the OECD, all the way on the other side, is Greece.
3分の1以上を 貯蓄に回している国もあります
-
And what you can see is that over the last 25 years,
反対側を見ていくと 右端はギリシャです
-
Greece has barely managed to save more than 10 percent of their GDP.
ここ25年以上 ギリシャの貯蓄率は
-
It should be noted, of course, that the United States and the U.K. are the next in line.
辛うじてGDPの10%を越える程度で 推移してます
-
Now that we see these huge differences in savings rates,
もちろんアメリカとイギリスが そのすぐ隣にいることも見逃せません
-
how is it possible that language might have something to do with these differences?
さて こうした貯蓄率における違いに
-
Let me tell you a little bit about how languages fundamentally differ.
言語が関係している可能性が あるのでしょうか
-
Linguists and cognitive scientists have been exploring this question for many years now.
言語間には根本的な相違があり ―
-
And then I'll draw the connection between these two behaviors.
その相違点について 言語学者や 認知科学者が研究を重ねてきました
-
Many of you have probably already noticed that I'm Chinese.
このことが後で貯蓄の話に 関連してきます
-
I grew up in the Midwest of the United States.
お気づきかと思いますが 私は中国人です
-
And something I realized quite early on
アメリカの中西部で育ちました
-
was that the Chinese language forced me to speak about and --
幼少期に あることに気付いたんです
-
in fact, more fundamentally than that --
中国語で家族のことを話そうとすると
-
ever so slightly forced me to think about family in very different ways.
そもそも思考の段階から
-
Now, how might that be? Let me give you an example.
英語とは違うのだということです
-
Suppose I were talking with you and I was introducing you to my uncle.
具体的な例を挙げますね
-
You understood exactly what I just said in English.
例えば 皆さんを私の「おじ」に 紹介するとしましょう
-
If we were speaking Mandarin Chinese with each other, though,
英語では "uncle" で 問題ありませんね
-
I wouldn't have that luxury.
しかし これが中国語だと
-
I wouldn't have been able to convey so little information.
そう簡単には済みません
-
What my language would have forced me to do,
情報が足りないのです
-
instead of just telling you, "This is my uncle,"
中国語では「おじ」に
-
is to tell you a tremendous amount of additional information.
膨大な情報を付与しなければ
-
My language would force me to tell you
何を言っているか伝わらないのです
-
whether or not this was an uncle on my mother's side or my father's side,
「おじ」と言っても
-
whether this was an uncle by marriage or by birth,
それが母方なのか 父方なのか
-
and if this man was my father's brother,
血縁なのか 姻戚なのか
-
whether he was older than or younger than my father.
父方であれば
-
All of this information is obligatory. Chinese doesn't let me ignore it.
父の兄なのか 弟なのか
-
And in fact, if I want to speak correctly,
これらは全て中国語では 無視できない必須項目です
-
Chinese forces me to constantly think about it.
中国語で正確に話そうとすると
-
Now, that fascinated me endlessly as a child,
このような事を 考えざるを得ないのです
-
but what fascinates me even more today as an economist
私はこういうことで 延々と楽しめる子でしたが
-
is that some of these same differences carry through to how languages speak about time.
今日 経済学者として 私が心をつかまれるのは
-
So for example, if I'm speaking in English, I have to speak grammatically differently
「時」についても 言語間で同様の相違があるという点です
-
if I'm talking about past rain, "It rained yesterday,"
例えば 英語を話す場合には 文法に違いが出ます
-
current rain, "It is raining now,"
過去なら "It rained yesterday"
-
or future rain, "It will rain tomorrow."
現在ならば "It is raining now"
-
Notice that English requires a lot more information with respect to the timing of events.
未来は "It will rain tomorrow"
-
Why? Because I have to consider that
英語では事象のタイミングについて 情報が不可欠です
-
and I have to modify what I'm saying to say, "It will rain," or "It's going to rain."
いつ言うかによって
-
It's simply not permissible in English to say, "It rain tomorrow."
未来形に変える必要が出てくるのです
-
In contrast to that, that's almost exactly what you would say in Chinese.
"It rain tomorrow" は 英語では許されません
-
A Chinese speaker can basically say something
ところが中国語では それでいいのです
-
that sounds very strange to an English speaker's ears.
英語では奇妙でも
-
They can say, "Yesterday it rain," "Now it rain," "Tomorrow it rain."
中国語なら大丈夫です
-
In some deep sense, Chinese doesn't divide up the time spectrum
過去でも現在でも未来でも "It rain" と言って構いません
-
in the same way that English forces us to constantly do in order to speak correctly.
つまり中国語には 英語のような時制の区切りがないのです
-
Is this difference in languages
つまり中国語には 英語のような時制の区切りがないのです
-
only between very, very distantly related languages, like English and Chinese?
英語と中国語の関係が 特別に薄いせいでしょうか?
-
Actually, no.
英語と中国語の関係が 特別に薄いせいでしょうか?
-
So many of you know, in this room, that English is a Germanic language.
違います
-
What you may not have realized is that English is actually an outlier.
ご存じのとおり 英語はゲルマン語派ですが
-
It is the only Germanic language that requires this.
実は英語には例外的な特徴があります
-
For example, most other Germanic language speakers
ゲルマン語派で時制があるのは 英語だけです
-
feel completely comfortable talking about rain tomorrow
英語以外のゲルマン語派では
-
by saying, "Morgen regnet es,"
明日の雨について "Morgen regnet es" つまり ―
-
quite literally to an English ear, "It rain tomorrow."
明日の雨について "Morgen regnet es" つまり ―
-
This led me, as a behavioral economist, to an intriguing hypothesis.
"It rain tomorrow" と言って 差し支えありません
-
Could how you speak about time, could how your language forces you to think about time,
行動経済学者である私は ある面白い仮説を思いつきました
-
affect your propensity to behave across time?
「時」についての捉え方や 言語的な制約が
-
You speak English, a futured language.
いつの間にか 行動傾向にも 影響しているのではないか?
-
And what that means is that every time you discuss the future,
英語には未来形がありますから
-
or any kind of a future event,
皆さんが英語で 将来について話す場合には
-
grammatically you're forced to cleave that from the present
皆さんが英語で 将来について話す場合には
-
and treat it as if it's something viscerally different.
文法的に現在から切り離す必要があり
-
Now suppose that that visceral difference
直感的に遠いものと見なします
-
makes you subtly dissociate the future from the present every time you speak.
その遠いものという感覚が
-
If that's true and it makes the future feel
英語を使うたびに 現在と将来を切り離していくとすると
-
like something more distant and more different from the present,
将来というものは
-
that's going to make it harder to save.
現在から遠く離れたものに感じられ
-
If, on the other hand, you speak a futureless language,
貯蓄する気が薄れます
-
the present and the future, you speak about them identically.
未来形のない言語では
-
If that subtly nudges you to feel about them identically,
現在と未来が一体化しています
-
that's going to make it easier to save.
日頃から現在と未来を同一視していると
-
Now this is a fanciful theory.
貯蓄する気になりやすいのです
-
I'm a professor, I get paid to have fanciful theories.
これは突飛な理論ですが
-
But how would you actually go about testing such a theory?
私は大学教授なので これも仕事のうちです
-
Well, what I did with that was to access the linguistics literature.
実際に理論を検証する方法を考え
-
And interestingly enough, there are pockets of futureless language speakers
言語学の文献を当たりました
-
situated all over the world.
面白いことに 世界には 未来形のない言語を話す地域が
-
This is a pocket of futureless language speakers in Northern Europe.
固まって存在しているのです
-
Interestingly enough, when you start to crank the data,
北欧のこの地域の言語には 未来の概念がありません
-
these pockets of futureless language speakers all around the world
面白いことに データを見ていくと
-
turn out to be, by and large, some of the world's best savers.
未来の概念のない言語を話す人々と
-
Just to give you a hint of that,
高額の貯蓄を持つ人々が ほぼ一致することがわかりました
-
let's look back at that OECD graph that we were talking about.
ヒントはこれです
-
What you see is that these bars are systematically taller
先程のOECDのグラフに 戻りましょう
-
and systematically shifted to the left
貯蓄率の高い国は体系的に 左に寄っています
-
compared to these bars which are the members of the OECD that speak futured languages.
貯蓄率の高い国は体系的に 左に寄っています
-
What is the average difference here?
未来形のある言語を話す国と 比べると こうです
-
Five percentage points of your GDP saved per year.
平均差を求めてみると
-
Over 25 years that has huge long-run effects on the wealth of your nation.
貯蓄率の違いは 年間でGDPの5%ずつなので
-
Now while these findings are suggestive,
25年経てば国の資産に 莫大な影響を与えることになります
-
countries can be different in so many different ways
何か関係ありそうな気配ですが
-
that it's very, very difficult sometimes to account for all of these possible differences.
国ごとの違いというのは
-
What I'm going to show you, though, is something that I've been engaging in for a year,
内容が多岐に渡りますから 一概には言えません
-
which is trying to gather all of the largest datasets
そこで 私がここ1年 研究してきたことをご紹介します
-
that we have access to as economists,
経済学者の持てる ありとあらゆるデータを駆使し
-
and I'm going to try and strip away all of those possible differences,
経済学者の持てる ありとあらゆるデータを駆使し
-
hoping to get this relationship to break.
国ごとの違いを極力排除して
-
And just in summary, no matter how far I push this, I can't get it to break.
相関関係はないと証明したいのですが
-
Let me show you how far you can do that.
結論から言って 相関を認めざるを得ません
-
One way to imagine that is I gather large datasets from around the world.
検証過程を説明しましょう
-
So for example, there is the Survey of Health, [Aging] and Retirement in Europe.
たとえば世界中から 大量のデータを集めます
-
From this dataset you actually learn that retired European families
「欧州における 健康・加齢・退職の調査」を見ると
-
are extremely patient with survey takers.
ヨーロッパの退職者世帯は このような調査に対し ―
-
(Laughter)
非常に忍耐強いことがわかります
-
So imagine that you're a retired household in Belgium and someone comes to your front door.
(笑)
-
"Excuse me, would you mind if I peruse your stock portfolio?
退職してベルギーに家を構えたとします 誰かが訪ねてきて
-
Do you happen to know how much your house is worth? Do you mind telling me?
「すみません 持ち株の明細を見せてもらえませんか?
-
Would you happen to have a hallway that's more than 10 meters long?
お宅の価格をご存じですか? 教えてもらえます?
-
If you do, would you mind if I timed how long it took you to walk down that hallway?
10メートル以上の廊下はありますか?
-
Would you mind squeezing as hard as you can, in your dominant hand, this device
その廊下をあなたが何秒で歩くか 計ってもいいですか?
-
so I can measure your grip strength?
利き手でこの装置を思いっきり 握ってもらえますか?
-
How about blowing into this tube so I can measure your lung capacity?"
握力を測りますから
-
The survey takes over a day.
このチューブに息を吹き込んでください 肺活量を測ります」
-
(Laughter)
調査は一日以上を続きます
-
Combine that with a Demographic and Health Survey
(笑)
-
collected by USAID in developing countries in Africa, for example,
さらにUSAIDによる アフリカの途上国の ―
-
which that survey actually can go so far as to directly measure the HIV status
「人口保健調査」も資料に加えます
-
of families living in, for example, rural Nigeria.
たとえばナイジェリアの 農村部の世帯のHIV感染状況まで
-
Combine that with a world value survey,
調べているような資料です
-
which measures the political opinions and, fortunately for me, the savings behaviors
「世界価値観調査」も使えます
-
of millions of families in hundreds of countries around the world.
世界のあらゆる国で 何百万もの世帯の政治的見解や ―
-
Take all of that data, combine it, and this map is what you get.
ラッキーなことに貯蓄行動まで 調べてある資料です
-
What you find is nine countries around the world
そうしたデータを全て組み合わせると こうなります
-
that have significant native populations
ご覧の9カ国では ―
-
which speak both futureless and futured languages.
未来形のある言語とない言語 その両方が使われています
-
And what I'm going to do is form statistical matched pairs
未来形のある言語とない言語 その両方が使われています
-
between families that are nearly identical on every dimension that I can measure,
ここから 評価が可能な条件について
-
and then I'm going to explore whether or not the link between language and savings holds
類似するデータを組み合わせて 統計分析のためにペアを作ります
-
even after controlling for all of these levels.
条件を揃えた上で 言語と貯蓄率の間に
-
What are the characteristics we can control for?
関連性があるかどうか 調べるというわけです
-
Well I'm going to match families on country of birth and residence,
コントロールできる特性は
-
the demographics -- what sex, their age --
生まれ育った国
-
their income level within their own country,
性別や年齢などの属性
-
their educational achievement, a lot about their family structure.
各国の基準で見た所得レベル
-
It turns out there are six different ways to be married in Europe.
学歴や家族構成の詳細です
-
And most granularly, I break them down by religion
欧州では結婚の形態だけで 6種類もありますから
-
where there are 72 categories of religions in the world --
さらに 宗教によって細分化しました
-
so an extreme level of granularity.
世界には72の宗教分類がありますから
-
There are 1.4 billion different ways that a family can find itself.
非常に細かくなりますね
-
Now effectively everything I'm going to tell you from now on
世帯ごとの属性は 全部で14億種類に分類されます
-
is only comparing these basically nearly identical families.
ここでは 特性が類似する世帯を抽出し
-
It's getting as close as possible to the thought experiment
比較した内容だけを抜粋してお話します
-
of finding two families both of whom live in Brussels
ほとんど思考実験のようなものです
-
who are identical on every single one of these dimensions,
言語以外の属性が全て共通する ―
-
but one of whom speaks Flemish and one of whom speaks French;
ブリュッセル在住の2世帯で
-
or two families that live in a rural district in Nigeria,
一方はフレミッシュ語 他方はフランス語
-
one of whom speaks Hausa and one of whom speaks Igbo.
あるいはナイジェリアの 農村部の2世帯で
-
Now even after all of this granular level of control,
一方はハウサ語 他方はイボ語という具合です
-
do futureless language speakers seem to save more?
このように細かく条件を絞り込んで 分析した場合
-
Yes, futureless language speakers, even after this level of control,
未来形のない言語話者の方が 貯蓄が多いか?
-
are 30 percent more likely to report having saved in any given year.
その通り 任意の年に 「貯蓄した」と回答する確率は
-
Does this have cumulative effects?
未来形のない言語を話す人の方が 30%高いのです
-
Yes, by the time they retire, futureless language speakers, holding constant their income,
累積効果も見られます
-
are going to retire with 25 percent more in savings.
未来形のない言語を話す人々は 退職までに所得を継続的に貯蓄し
-
Can we push this data even further?
退職時点での貯蓄は 25%多くなっています
-
Yes, because I just told you, we actually collect a lot of health data as economists.
さらに掘り下げてみましょう
-
Now how can we think about health behaviors to think about savings?
せっかく健康に関するデータが 手元にありますから
-
Well, think about smoking, for example.
貯蓄のことを念頭において 健康面でどうしているか
-
Smoking is in some deep sense negative savings.
たとえば喫煙について見てみましょう
-
If savings is current pain in exchange for future pleasure,
喫煙は ある意味 マイナスの貯蓄です
-
smoking is just the opposite.
貯蓄は「将来の喜び」と引き換えの 「現在の苦しみ」
-
It's current pleasure in exchange for future pain.
喫煙は逆です
-
What we should expect then is the opposite effect.
「将来の苦しみ」に変わる 「現在の喜び」
-
And that's exactly what we find.
それなら 効果も逆になりそうですよね
-
Futureless language speakers are 20 to 24 percent less likely
実際その通りでした
-
to be smoking at any given point in time compared to identical families,
未来形のない言語を話す人は そうでない人と比べ
-
and they're going to be 13 to 17 percent less likely
どの時期においても約20~24% 喫煙率が低く
-
to be obese by the time they retire,
退職までに肥満になる確率も
-
and they're going to report being 21 percent more likely
13~17%低く
-
to have used a condom in their last sexual encounter.
最近のセックスでコンドームを 使った割合は21%高いという結果でした
-
I could go on and on with the list of differences that you can find.
最近のセックスでコンドームを 使った割合は21%高いという結果でした
-
It's almost impossible not to find a savings behavior
こうした数値的な差は 枚挙に暇がありません
-
for which this strong effect isn't present.
強い統計的効果なくして 貯蓄行動なしと言っても
-
My linguistics and economics colleagues at Yale and I are just starting to do this work
過言ではないでしょう
-
and really explore and understand the ways that these subtle nudges
言語学者で経済学者でもある イェール大学の仲間と共に
-
cause us to think more or less about the future every single time we speak.
言語を使うたび 将来の捉え方に 知らず知らずのうちに影響を及ぼす ―
-
Ultimately, the goal,
その仕組みを解明すべく 本格的に研究を始めました
-
once we understand how these subtle effects can change our decision making,
最終的な目標としては
-
we want to be able to provide people tools
小さな効果の積み重ねが 意思決定を変える仕組みを解明し
-
so that they can consciously make themselves better savers
皆さんがより意識的に貯蓄に励み
-
and more conscious investors in their own future.
将来に向け 有効な投資ができるよう
-
Thank you very much.
役に立つツールを 提供したいと考えています
-
(Applause)
ありがとうございました