we were playing on top of a bunk bed.

I was two years older than my sister at the time -

I mean, I'm two years older than her now -

but at the time it meant she had to do everything that I wanted to do,

and I wanted to play war.

So we were up on top of our bunk beds.

And on one side of the bunk bed,

I had put out all of my G.I. Joe soldiers and weaponry.

And on the other side were all my sister's My Little Ponies

ready for a cavalry charge.

There are differing accounts of what actually happened that afternoon,

but since my sister is not here with us today,

let me tell you the true story -

(Laughter)

which is my sister's a little on the clumsy side.

Somehow, without any help or push from her older brother at all,

Amy disappeared off of the top of the bunk bed

and landed with this crash on the floor.

I nervously peered over the side of the bed

to see what had befallen my fallen sister

and saw that she had landed painfully on her hands and knees

on all fours on the ground.

I was nervous because my parents had charged me

with making sure that my sister and I

played as safely and as quietly as possible.

And seeing as how I had accidentally broken Amy's arm

just one week before...

(Laughter)

(Laughter ends)

...heroically pushing her out of the way of an oncoming imaginary sniper bullet,

(Laughter)

for which I have yet to be thanked, I was trying as hard as I could -

she didn't even see it coming -

I was trying hard to be on my best behavior.

And I saw my sister's face,

this wail of pain and suffering and surprise

threatening to erupt from her mouth and wake my parents

from the long winter's nap for which they had settled.

So I did the only thing

my frantic seven year-old brain could think to do to avert this tragedy.

And if you have children, you've seen this hundreds of times.

I said, "Amy, wait. Don't cry. Did you see how you landed?

No human lands on all fours like that.

Amy, I think this means you're a unicorn."

(Laughter)

Now, that was cheating,

because there was nothing she would want more

than not to be Amy the hurt five year-old little sister,

but Amy the special unicorn.

Of course, this option was open to her brain

at no point in the past.

And you could see how my poor, manipulated sister faced conflict,

as her little brain attempted to devote resources

to feeling the pain and suffering and surprise she just experienced,

or contemplating her new-found identity as a unicorn.

And the latter won.

Instead of crying or ceasing our play,

instead of waking my parents,

with all the negative consequences for me,

a smile spread across her face

and she scrambled back up onto the bunk bed

with all the grace of a baby unicorn...

(Laughter)

...with one broken leg.

What we stumbled across

at this tender age of just five and seven -

we had no idea at the time -

was was going be at the vanguard of a scientific revolution

occurring two decades later in the way that we look at the human brain.

We had stumbled across something called positive psychology,

which is the reason I'm here today

and the reason that I wake up every morning.

When I started talking about this research

outside of academia, with companies and schools,

the first thing they said to never do is to start with a graph.

The first thing I want to do is start with a graph.

This graph looks boring,

but it is the reason I get excited and wake up every morning.

And this graph doesn't even mean anything; it's fake data.

What we found is -

(Laughter)

If I got this data studying you, I would be thrilled,

because there's a trend there,

and that means that I can get published,

which is all that really matters.

There is one weird red dot above the curve,

there's one weirdo in the room -

I know who you are, I saw you earlier -

that's no problem.

That's no problem, as most of you know, because I can just delete that dot.

I can delete that dot because that's clearly a measurement error.

And we know that's a measurement error because it's messing up my data.

(Laughter)

So one of the first things we teach people

in economics, statistics, business and psychology courses

is how, in a statistically valid way, do we eliminate the weirdos.

How do we eliminate the outliers so we can find the line of best fit?

Which is fantastic if I'm trying to find out

how many Advil the average person should be taking - two.

But if I'm interested in your potential,

or for happiness or productivity or energy or creativity,

we're creating the cult of the average with science.

If I asked a question like,

"How fast can a child learn how to read in a classroom?"

scientists change the answer to

"How fast does the average child learn how to read in that classroom?"

and we tailor the class towards the average.

If you fall below the average,

then psychologists get thrilled,

because that means you're depressed or have a disorder,

or hopefully both.

We're hoping for both because our business model is,

if you come into a therapy session with one problem,

we want to make sure you leave knowing you have ten,

so you keep coming back.

We'll go back into your childhood if necessary,

but eventually we want to make you normal again.

But normal is merely average.

And positive psychology posits that if we study what is merely average,

we will remain merely average.

Then instead of deleting those positive outliers,

what I intentionally do is come into a population like this one

and say, why?

Why are some of you high above the curve

in terms of intellectual, athletic, musical ability,

creativity, energy levels,

resiliency in the face of challenge, sense of humor?

Whatever it is, instead of deleting you, what I want to do is study you.

Because maybe we can glean information,

not just how to move people up to the average,

but move the entire average up in our companies and schools worldwide.

The reason this graph is important to me

is, on the news, the majority of the information is not positive.

in fact it's negative.

Most of it's about murder, corruption, diseases, natural disasters.

And very quickly, my brain starts to think

that's the accurate ratio of negative to positive in the world.

This creates "the medical school syndrome."

During the first year of medical training,

as you read through a list of all the symptoms and diseases,

suddenly you realize you have all of them.

(Laughter)

I have a brother in-law named Bobo, which is a whole other story.

Bobo married Amy the unicorn.

Bobo called me on the phone -

(Laughter)

from Yale Medical School,

and Bobo said, "Shawn, I have leprosy."

(Laughter)

Which, even at Yale, is extraordinarily rare.

But I had no idea how to console poor Bobo

because he had just gotten over an entire week of menopause.

(Laughter)

We're finding it's not necessarily the reality that shapes us,

but the lens through which your brain views the world that shapes your reality.

And if we can change the lens, not only can we change your happiness,

we can change every single educational and business outcome at the same time.

I applied to Harvard on a dare.

I didn't expect to get in, and my family had no money for college.

When I got a military scholarship two weeks later, they let me go.

Something that wasn't even a possibility became a reality.

I assumed everyone there would see it as a privilege as well,

that they'd be excited to be there.

Even in a classroom full of people smarter than you,

I felt you'd be happy just to be in that classroom.

But what I found is, while some people experience that,

when I graduated after my four years

and then spent the next eight years living in the dorms with the students -

Harvard asked me to; I wasn't that guy.

(Laughter)

I was an officer to counsel students through the difficult four years.

And in my research and my teaching,

I found that these students, no matter how happy they were

with their original success of getting into the school,

two weeks later their brains were focused, not on the privilege of being there,

nor on their philosophy or physics,

but on the competition, the workload,

the hassles, stresses, complaints.

When I first went in there, I walked into the freshmen dining hall,

which is where my friends from Waco, Texas, which is where I grew up -

I know some of you know this.

When they'd visit, they'd look around,

and say, "This dining hall looks like something out of Hogwart's."

It does, because that was Hogwart's and that's Harvard.

And when they see this,

they say, "Why do you waste your time studying happiness at Harvard?

What does a Harvard student possibly have to be unhappy about?"

Embedded within that question

is the key to understanding the science of happiness.

Because what that question assumes

is that our external world is predictive of our happiness levels,

when in reality, if I know everything about your external world,

I can only predict 10% of your long-term happiness.

90 percent of your long-term happiness is predicted not by the external world,

but by the way your brain processes the world.

And if we change it,

if we change our formula for happiness and success,

we can change the way that we can then affect reality.

What we found is that only 25% of job successes are predicted by I.Q.,

75 percent of job successes

are predicted by your optimism levels, your social support

and your ability to see stress as a challenge instead of as a threat.

I talked to a New England boarding school, probably the most prestigious one,

and they said, "We already know that.

So every year, instead of just teaching our students, we have a wellness week.

And we're so excited. Monday night we have the world's leading expert

will speak about adolescent depression.

Tuesday night it's school violence and bullying.

Wednesday night is eating disorders.

Thursday night is illicit drug use.

And Friday night we're trying to decide between risky sex or happiness."

(Laughter)

I said, "That's most people's Friday nights."

(Laughter)

(Applause)

Which I'm glad you liked, but they did not like that at all.

Silence on the phone.

And into the silence, I said, "I'd be happy to speak at your school,

but that's not a wellness week, that's a sickness week.

You've outlined all the negative things that can happen,

but not talked about the positive."

The absence of disease is not health.

Here's how we get to health:

We need to reverse the formula for happiness and success.

In the last three years, I've traveled to 45 countries,

working with schools and companies in the midst of an economic downturn.

And I found that most companies and schools

follow a formula for success, which is this:

If I work harder, I'll be more successful.

And if I'm more successful, then I'll be happier.

That undergirds most of our parenting and managing styles,

the way that we motivate our behavior.

And the problem is it's scientifically broken and backwards for two reasons.

Every time your brain has a success,

you just changed the goalpost of what success looked like.

You got good grades, now you have to get better grades,

you got into a good school and after you get into a better one,

you got a good job, now you have to get a better job,

you hit your sales target, we're going to change it.

And if happiness is on the opposite side of success, your brain never gets there.

We've pushed happiness over the cognitive horizon, as a society.

And that's because we think we have to be successful,

then we'll be happier.