字幕表 動画を再生する
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What causes, say, heroin addiction?
薬物中毒の原因は何か?
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This is a really stupid question, right?
変な質問かもしれない
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It's obvious; we all know it;
そう 薬物が薬物中毒を起こすのだ
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heroin causes heroin addiction.
仕組みはこう
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Here's how it works:
麻薬を20日間使用した場合
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if you use heroin for 20 days, by day 21,
体はさらに麻薬を求めるようになる
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your body would physically crave the drug ferociously
それが中毒だ
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because there are chemical hooks in the drug.
いや 実は違う
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That's what addiction means.
中毒への正しい認識を持とう
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But there's a catch.
もしお尻を骨折したら 入院して
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Almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong.
モルヒネを数週間打たれる
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If you, for example, break your hip, you'll be taken to a hospital
モルヒネは麻薬だ
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and you'll be given lots of diamorphine for weeks or even months.
これは道端で買うものよりも強い
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Diamorphine is heroin.
売人は薄めて売っているからだ
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It's, in fact, much stronger heroin than any addict can get on the street
今も病院で 人々は麻薬を打っている
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because it's not contaminated by all the stuff drug dealers dilute it with.
中毒にはならないのか?
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There are people near you being given
大丈夫 そうはならない
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loads of deluxe heroin in hospitals right now.
おばあちゃんも薬物中毒にならない
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So at least some of them should become addicts?
なぜだろう?
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But this has been closely studied; it doesn't happen.
20世紀からの一連の実験により
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Your grandmother wasn't turned into a junkie by her hip replacement.
中毒の理論は作られた
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Why is that?
単純な実験だ
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Our current theory of addiction comes in part from a series of experiments
ネズミを檻に入れ 水を2つ置く
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that were carried out earlier in the 20th century.
普通の水と コカインを混ぜた水だ
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The experiment is simple:
するとネズミは麻薬入りの水を飲み
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you take a rat and put it in a cage with two water bottles.
やがて飲み過ぎて死んでしまう
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One is just water, the other is water laced with heroin or cocaine.
しかし1970年代に ある心理学者が
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Almost every time you run this experiment,
実験に疑問を持った
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the rat will become obsessed with the drugged water
なぜ1匹で実験するのか?
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and keep coming back for more and more, until it kills itself.
孤独なのではないか?
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But in the 1970s, Bruce Alexander, a professor of psychology,
違う条件ならどうなるのか?
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noticed something odd about this experiment:
そこで彼はネズミの楽園を作った
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the rat is put in the cage all alone.
広い芝生におもちゃや遊び場
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It has nothing to do but take the drugs.
友達も恋人も作れるようにした
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What would happen, he wondered, if we tried this differently?
ネズミの夢の国だ
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So he built Rat Park, which is basically heaven for rats;
そしてここに2つの水を置いた
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it’s a lush cage where the rats would have colored balls, tunnels to scamper down,
結果は違った
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plenty of friends to play with, and they could have loads of sex—
ネズミは普通の水を飲んだのだ
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everything a rat about town could want.
快楽の誘惑も 中毒死もなかった
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And they would have the drugged water and the normal water bottles.
ネズミだけだろうか?
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But here's the fascinating thing:
人間にも同様の事例がある
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in Rat Park, rats hardly ever use the drugged water;
ベトナム戦争だ
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none of them ever use it compulsively; none of them ever overdose.
当時 米兵の20%が麻薬を使った
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But maybe this is a quirk of rats, right?
終戦後 国に中毒患者が溢れるのでは
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Well, helpfully, there was a human experiment along the same lines:
という心配がなされていた
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the Vietnam War.
しかし追跡調査でそれは否定された
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20% of American troops in Vietnam were using a lot of heroin.
中毒にも 病気にもならず
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People back home were really panicked,
95%が麻薬の使用をやめた
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because they thought there would be hundreds of thousands of junkies
古い理論では これは説明できない
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on the streets of the United States when the war was over.
心理学者の理論なら説明できる
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But a study followed the soliders home and found something striking:
異国の地で恐ろしい状況に置かれ
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they didn't go to rehab; they didn't even go into withdrawal;
緊張しているときは
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95% of them just stopped after they got home.
麻薬が欲しくなる
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If you believe the old theory of addiction, that makes no sense.
だが家族の元に戻ったとき
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But if you believe Prof. Alexander's theory, it makes perfect sense,
人は最初の檻から出て
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because if you're put into a horrific jungle in a foreign country
楽園へと入ったのだ
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where you don't want to be, and you could be forced to kill or die at any moment,
化学ではなく 檻なのだ
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doing heroin is a great way to spend your time;
中毒の認識を変えよう
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but if you go back to your nice home with your friends and your family,
人間には繋がりが必要だ
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it's the equivalent of being taken out of that first cage
幸せは人との繋がりの中にある
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and put into a human Rat Park;
それができないと 人は孤独を感じ
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it's not the chemicals, it's your cage.
別の安らぎと繋がろうとする
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We need to think about addiction differently.
延々とスマホを見たり 動画を見たり
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Human beings have an innate need to bond and connect.
ゲーム 掲示板 またはコカインへ
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When we are happy and healthy, we will bond with the people around us.
そうすることが人間の本性なのだ
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But when we can't,
不健康な繋がりを断つには
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because we're traumatized, isolated, or beaten down by life,
健康な繋がりを持つことだ
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we will bond with something that gives us some sense of relief.
中毒は繋がりの危機を示す症状だ
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It might be endlessly checking a smartphone;
現代もそう
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it might be pornography, video games, reddit, gambling, or it might be cocaine.
アメリカ国民の親友の数は
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But we will bond with something, because that is our human nature.
年々減っているという
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The path out of unhealthy bonds is to form healthy bonds,
一方で 一部屋の広さの方は
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to be connected to people you want to be present with.
増えている
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Addiction is just one symptom of the crisis of disconnection
友情より 部屋の広さが大切だろうか
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that's happening all around us.
1世紀に渡る麻薬戦争は 今が最悪だ
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We all feel it.
人を助けるというより
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Since the 1950s, the average number of close friends an American has
追い出している
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has been steadily declining.
一度麻薬に手を出した人は
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At the same time, the amount of floor space in their homes
社会からより遠ざけられて
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has been steadily increasing.
文字通り 檻に入れられる
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To choose floor space over friends, to choose stuff over connection.
孤独を感じる状況に置かれ
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The War on Drugs we've been fighting for almost a century now
憎悪が向けられる
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has made everything worse.
中毒は個人の問題だと語られてきた
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Instead of helping people heal and getting their life together,
しかし現代においては
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we have cast them out from society,
社会で語るべきだろう
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we have made it harder for them to get jobs and become stable,
私たちは楽園を作る必要がある
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we take benefits and support away from them if we catch them with drugs,
孤独の檻は必要ない
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we throw them in prison cells, which are literally cages,
人は互いに歩み寄ることで
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we put people who are not well
互いを再発見する
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in a situation which makes them feel worse and hate them for not recovering.
中毒の反対は正常ではない
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For too long, we've talked only about individual recovery from addiction.
中毒の反対は繋がりだ
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But we need now to talk about social recovery.
Subtitles by the Amara.org community
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Because something has gone wrong with us as a group.
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We have to build a society that looks a lot more like Rat Park
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and a lot less like those isolated cages.
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We are going to have to change the unnatural way we live
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and rediscover each other.
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The opposite of addiction is not sobriety; the opposite of addiction is connection.
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This video is a collaboration with Johann Hari,
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the author of the book
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“Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs”.
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He was very kind to work with us on this video to spread the world.
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We recommend that you give the book a try.
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Our videos are made thanks to your support on Patreon.com.
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If you want to help us make more of them, we really appreciate your support.
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We made an interactive version of this video together with some friends.
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See the link in the description.
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Subtitles by the Amara.org community