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Freud's theory of psychosexual development claims that as we grow up we
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pass through five critical phases.
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Our sex drive, which Freud called the Libido,
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focuses in a different erogenous zone at each phase.
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The phases are called Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital.
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If our experience during any of these phases was traumatic
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we might develop fixations later in life such as neurosis, dependencies addictions,
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or depression.
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The Oral Phase, age zero to one.
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In the first year of our
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lives we discover the world through our oral
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senses. Our main pleasure comes from sucking our mother's breast or a bottle.
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The conflict that occurs now is the weaning from our primary caregiver.
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Hans is weaned off his mother's breast without trauma.
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Ernst's mother stops feeding him within four months of birth
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which is too early.
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Ida is often left alone
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crying when she is hungry.
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Hans becomes a healthy and independent
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adult. Ernst suffers from trauma and develops
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an oral fixation. He tries to compensate for it by chewing
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gum all the time. Ida spends her entire life looking for
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the oral stimulation she was denied as an
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infant and therefore develops a manipulative and addictive personality.
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The a=Anal Phase, age one to three.
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The primary focus of our Libido at this
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age is the control of the bladder and bowel movements.
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We have to learn how to use the potty. Han's parents
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praise his attempts to use the toilet and encourage him to learn at his own
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pace. Ernst's parents force potty training on
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him too early and punish him for mistakes. Ida's
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parents neglect any efforts at potty training entirely.
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Hans develops a competent personality and a good and balanced relationship
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with authority. Ernst develops an anal retentive
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personality. He becomes an over-controlling and
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stingy adult with disgust for his own body and a
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tendency to obey authority. Ida develops an anal expulsive
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personality. She becomes messy disorganized
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inconsiderate of other people's feelings and rebellious against authority.
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The Phallic Phase, age three to six.
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Our Libido now turns to the genitals as
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we discover the differences between the female and the male
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gender. The boy's conflict in this phase occurs as a rivalry with their father,
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also called the 'Oedipus Complex'. Ernst and Hands desire to possess their mother
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and fantasize about getting rid of their father
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But they know that their father is stronger and fear being
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punished for their desire. Freud called this
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'Castration Anxiety'. Ida experiences 'Penis Envy'. She believes that a penis is
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the key to power and domination and also wants one.
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Han's father was very present during that phase.
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Later, Hans resolves this conflict by identifying strongly with him.
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He learns to take on a male role. As an adult he respects both genders. Ernst,
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whose father was absent during that phase, fails to develop a strong sense of
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manhood. He has a mother fixation and is not sure
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about his sexuality. He also tends to be aggressive towards
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women and constantly needs to compete with other
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men. Ida, like all women, maintains her penis envy
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for the rest of her life which in her case causes an inferiority
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complex towards men.
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Latent Phase, age seven to thirteen.
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In this phase our Libido is suppressed
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as our sexual energy is being sublimed into developing
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life skills. Our Superego strengthens and we strongly identify with social
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values, same-sex heroes, and friends.
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Hans follows many hobbies. Ernst loves learning at school,
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and Ida makes lots of new girlfriends.
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There is no real conflict in this phase. All three of them benefit for the rest
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of their lives from the skills they developed
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during latency.
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The Genital Phase, puberty to death.
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Once we reach puberty our libido starts to become
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active again and we develop an interest in sexual partners.
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Hans, Ida and Ernst face the challenge of balancing the sexual desires of the
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Id and the needs of the Superego to obey
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social norms. The development of a strong Ego helps to
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find a compromise between the two.
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Hans, who has experienced a childhood without much trauma,
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succeeds in building a strong Ego. He is disciplined at work,
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has a loving relationship. and a fulfilled sex
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life. Ernst's Ego is weaker than his superego
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he obeys norms and authorities and as a result
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suppresses his desires which leads to the development of perversions.
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Ida has a weak Ego and a weak Superego. Her sexual needs are more important than
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social norms or other people's feelings. She is egoistic and feels no guilt for
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breaking the law or hurting others.
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To understand the theory we need to see it in the context of
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Freud's famous work on the unconscious. By acknowledging that we have a
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subconscious. He also implied that we store memories
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of early childhood and other experiences without even
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realizing it. These past experiences then
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unconsciously influence our behavior on a daily basis.
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Freud claimed that our mind operates in three spheres
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which we can imagine as a submarine. The Unconscious
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level operates the Id. The Preconscious level operates the
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Superego. The Conscious and Preconscious levels
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operate our Ego. Young children are driven by the Id and
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demand immediate satisfaction. At around age seven we begin to develop a
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Superego and want to become good moral
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citizens and please others. The Ego is formed with
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adolescence to balance the two forces.
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Sigmund Shlomo Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of
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Psychoanalysis. Freud theorized that the Unconscious would remember and store
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all our experiences later they pop up from time to time
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through dreams and associative thoughts. By revealing traumatic memories and
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desires through conversation we can free ourselves from our neuroses
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and live a more healthy and fulfilled life. He recommended we should not strive
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to eliminate our complexes but to get into accord with them. They
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are legitimately what directs our conduct in the world.
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What do you think about this theory and the practice of psychoanalysis?
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Is there some truth in it? Do we have an unconscious?
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If so does it really store all our childhood experiences
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and influence our behavior as adults? Please share your thoughts in the
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comments below!
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